wealbk02-第16部分

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proportion　to　those　which　are　likely　to　be　employed　in　the

maintenance　of　idleness　than　they　were　two　or　three　centuries

ago。　Our　ancestors　were　idle　for　want　of　a　sufficient

encouragement　to　industry。　It　is　better；　says　the　proverb；　to

play　for　nothing　than　to　work　for　nothing。　In　mercantile　and

manufacturing　towns；　where　the　inferior　ranks　of　people　are

chiefly　maintained　by　the　employment　of　capital；　they　are　in

general　industrious；　sober；　and　thriving；　as　in　many　English；　and

in　most　Dutch　towns。　In　those　towns　which　are　principally

supported　by　the　constant　or　occasional　residence　of　a　court；　and

in　which　the　inferior　ranks　of　people　are　chiefly　maintained　by

the　spending　of　revenue；　they　are　in　general　idle；　dissolute；　and

poor；　as　at　Rome；　Versailles；　Compiegne；　and　Fontainebleu。　If　you

except　Rouen　and　Bordeaux；　there　is　little　trade　or　industry　in

any　of　the　parliament　towns　of　France；　and　the　inferior　ranks　of

people；　being　elderly　maintained　by　the　expense　of　the　members　of

the　courts　of　justice；　and　of　those　who　come　to　plead　before

them；　are　in　general　idle　and　poor。　The　great　trade　of　Rouen　and

Bordeaux　seems　to　be　altogether　the　effect　of　their　situation。

Rouen　is　necessarily　the　entrepot　of　almost　all　the　goods　which

are　brought　either　from　foreign　countries；　or　from　the　maritime

provinces　of　France；　for　the　consumption　of　the　great　city　of

Paris。　Bordeaux　is　in　the　same　manner　the　entrepot　of　the　wines

which　grow　upon　the　banks　of　the　Garonne；　and　of　the　rivers　which

run　into　it；　one　of　the　richest　wine　countries　in　the　world；　and

which　seems　to　produce　the　wine　fittest　for　exportation；　or　best

suited　to　the　taste　of　foreign　nations。　Such　advantageous

situations　necessarily　attract　a　great　capital　by　the　great

employment　which　they　afford　it；　and　the　employment　of　this

capital　is　the　cause　of　the　industry　of　those　two　cities。　In　the

other　parliament　towns　of　France；　very　little　more　capital　seems

to　be　employed　than　what　is　necessary　for　supplying　their　own

consumption；　that　is；　little　more　than　the　smallest　capital　which

can　be　employed　in　them。　The　same　thing　may　be　said　of　Paris；

Madrid；　and　Vienna。　Of　those　three　cities；　Paris　is　by　far　the

most　industrious；　but　Paris　itself　is　the　principal　market　of　all

the　manufactures　established　at　Paris；　and　its　own　consumption　is

the　principal　object　of　all　the　trade　which　it　carries　on。

London；　Lisbon；　and　Copenhagen；　are；　perhaps；　the　only　three

cities　in　Europe　which　are　both　the　constant　residence　of　a

court；　and　can　at　the　same　time　be　considered　as　trading　cities；

or　as　cities　which　trade　not　only　for　their　own　consumption；　but

for　that　of　other　cities　and　countries。　The　situation　of　all　the

three　is　extremely　advantageous；　and　naturally　fits　them　to　be

the　entrepots　of　a　great　part　of　the　goods　destined　for　the

consumption　of　distant　places。　In　a　city　where　a　great　revenue　is

spent；　to　employ　with　advantage　a　capital　for　any　other　purpose

than　for　supplying　the　consumption　of　that　city　is　probably　more

difficult　than　in　one　in　which　the　inferior　ranks　of　people　have

no　other　maintenance　but　what　they　derive　from　the　employment　of

such　a　capital。　The　idleness　of　the　greater　part　of　the　people

who　are　maintained　by　the　expense　of　revenue　corrupts；　it　is

probable；　the　industry　of　those　who　ought　to　be　maintained　by　the

employment　of　capital；　and　renders　it　less　advantageous　to　employ

a　capital　there　than　in　other　places。　There　was　little　trade　or

industry　in　Edinburgh　before　the　union。　When　the　Scotch

Parliament　was　no　longer　to　be　assembled　in　it；　when　it　ceased　to

be　the　necessary　residence　of　the　principal　nobility　and　gentry

of　Scotland；　it　became　a　city　of　some　trade　and　industry。　It

still　continues；　however；　to　be　the　residence　of　the　principal

courts　of　justice　in　Scotland；　of　the　Boards　of　Customs　and

Excise；　etc。　A　considerable　revenue；　therefore；　still　continues

to　be　spent　in　it。　In　trade　and　industry　it　is　much　inferior　to

Glasgow；　of　which　the　inhabitants　are　chiefly　maintained　by　the

employment　of　capital。　The　inhabitants　of　a　large　village；　it　has

sometimes　been　observed；　after　having　made　considerable　progress

in　manufactures；　have　become　idle　and　poor　in　consequence　of　a

great　lord　having　taken　up　his　residence　in　their　neighbourhood。

　　　　　The　proportion　between　capital　and　revenue；　therefore；　seems

everywhere　to　regulate　the　proportion　between　industry　and

idleness。　Wherever　capital　predominates；　industry　prevails：

wherever　revenue；　idleness。　Every　increase　or　diminution　of

capital；　therefore；　naturally　tends　to　increase　or　diminish　the

real　quantity　of　industry；　the　number　of　productive　hands；　and

consequently　the　exchangeable　value　of　the　annual　produce　of　the

land　and　labour　of　the　country；　the　real　wealth　and　revenue　of

all　its　inhabitants。

　　　　　Capitals　are　increased　by　parsimony；　and　diminished　by

prodigality　and　misconduct。

　　　　　Whatever　a　person　saves　from　his　revenue　he　adds　to　his

capital；　and　either　employs　it　himself　in　maintaining　an

additional　number　of　productive　hands；　or　enables　some　other

person　to　do　so；　by　lending　it　to　him　for　an　interest；　that　is；

for　a　share　of　the　profits。　As　the　capital　of　an　individual　can

be　increased　only　by　what　he　saves　from　his　annual　revenue　or　his

annual　gains；　so　the　capital　of　a　society；　which　is　the　same　with

that　of　all　the　individuals　who　compose　it；　can　be　increased　only

in　the　same　manner。

　　　　　Parsimony；　and　not　industry；　is　the　immediate　cause　of　the

increase　of　capital。　Industry；　indeed；　provides　the　subject　which

parsimony　accumulates。　But　whatever　industry　might　acquire；　if

parsimony　did　not　save　and　store　up；　the　capital　would　never　be

the　greater。

　　　　　Parsimony；　by　increasing　the　fund　which　is　destined　for　the

maintenance　of　productive　hands；　tends　to　increase　the　number　of

those　hands　whose　labour　adds　to　the　value　of　the　subject　upon

which　it　is　bestowed。　It　tends；　therefore；　to　increase　the

exchangeable　value　of　the　annual　produce　of　the　land　and　labour

of　the　country。　It　puts　into　motion　an　additional　quantity　of

industry；　which　gives　an　additional　value　to　the　annual　produce。

　　　　　What　is　annually　saved　is　as　regularly　consumed　as　what　is

annually　spent；　and　nearly　in　the　same　time　too；　but　it　is

consumed　by　a　different　set　of　people。　That　portion　of　his

revenue　which　a　rich　man　annually　spends　is　in　most　cases

consumed　by　idle　guests　and　menial　servants；　who　leave　nothing

behind　them　in　return　for　their　consumption。　That　portion　which

he　annually　saves；　as　for　the　sake　of　the　profit　it　is

immediately　employed　as　a　capital；　is　consumed　in　the　same

manner；　and　nearly　in　the　same　time　too；　but　by　a　different　set

of　people；　by　labourers；　manufacturers；　and　artificers；　who

reproduce　with　a　profit　the　value　of　their　annual　consumption。

His　revenue；　we　shall　suppose；　is　paid　him　in　money。　Had　he　spent

the　whole；　the　food；　clothing；　and　lodging；　which　the　whole　could

have　purchased；　would　have　been　distributed　among　the　former　set

of　people。　By　saving　a　part　of　it；　as　that　part　is　for　the　sake

of　the　profit　immediately　employed　as　a　capital　either　by　himself

or　by　some　other　person；　the　food；　clothing；　and　lodging；　which

may　be　purchased　with　it；　are　necessarily　reserved　for　the

latter。　The　consumption　is　the　same；　but　the　consumers　are

different。

　　　　　By　what　a　frugal　man　annually　saves；　he　not　only　affords

maintenance　to　an　additional　number　of　productive　hands；　for　that

or　the　ensuing　year；　but；　like　the　founder　of　a　public　workhouse；

he　establishes　as　it　were　a　perpetual　fund　for　the　maintenance　of

an　equal　number　in　all　times　to　come。　The　perpetual　allotment　and

destination　of　this　fund；　indeed；　is　not　always　guarded　by　any

positive　law；　by　any　trust…right　or　deed　of　mortmain。　It　is

always　guarded；　however；　by　a　very　powerful　principle；　the　plain

and　evident　interest　of　every　individual　to　whom　any　share　of　it

shall　ever　belong。　No　part　of　it　can　ever　afterwards　be　employed

to　maintain　any　but　productive　hands　without　an　evident　loss　to

the　person　who　thus　perverts　it　from　its　proper　destination。

　　　　　The　prodigal　perverts　it　in　this　manner。　By　not　confining

his　expense　within　his　income；　he　encroaches　upon　his　capital。

Like　him　who　perverts　the　revenues　of　some　pious　foundation　to

profane　purposes；　he　pays　the　wages　of　idleness　with　those　funds

which　the　frugality　of　his　forefathers　had；　as　it　were；

consecrated　to　the　maintenance　of　industry。　By　diminishing　the

funds　destined　for　the　employment　of　productive　labour；　he

necessarily　diminishes；　so　far　as　it　depends　upon　him；　the

quantity　of　that　labour　which　adds　a　value　to　the　subject　upon

which　it　is　bestowed；　and；　consequently；　the　value　of　the　annual

produce　of　the　land　and　labour　of　the　whole　country；　the　real

wealth　and　revenue　of　its　inhabitants。　If　the　prodigality　of　some

was　not　compensated　by　the　frugality　of　others；　the　conduct　of

every　prodigal；　by　feeding　the　idle　with　the　bread　of　the

industrious；　tends　not　only　to　beggar　himself；　but　to　impoverish

his　country。

　　　　　Though　the　expense　of　the　prodigal　should　be　altogether　in

home…made；　and　no　part　of　it　in　foreign　commodities；　its　effect

upon　the　productive　funds　of　the　society　would　still　be　the　same。

Every　year　there　would　still　be　a　certain　quantity　of　food　and

clothing；　which　ought　to　have　maintained　productive；　employed　in

maintaining　unproductive　hands。　Every　year；　therefore；　there

would　still　be　some　diminution　in　what　would　otherwise　have　been

the　value　of　the　annual　produce　of　the　land　and　labour　of　the

country。

　　　　　This　expense；　it　may　be　said　indeed；　not　being　in　foreign

goods；　and　not　occasioning　any　exportation　of　gold　and　silver；

the　same　quantity　of　money　would　remain　in　the　country　as　before。

But　if　the　quantity　of　food　and　clothing；　which　were　thus

consumed　by　unproductive；　had　been　distributed　among　productive

hands；　they　would　have　reproduced；　together　with　a　profit；　the

full　value　of　their　consumption。　The　same　quantity　of　money　would

in　t