pericles-第4部分

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so　long　as　they　maintained　their　defence；　and　kept　off　the
barbarians　from　attacking　them；　while　in　the　meantime　they　did　not
so　much　as　supply　one　horse　or　man　or　ship；　but　only　found　money　for
the　service；　〃which　money；〃　said　he；　〃is　not　theirs　that　give　it；
but　theirs　that　receive　it；　if　so　be　they　perform　the　conditions
upon　which　they　receive　it。〃　And　that　it　was　good　reason；　that；　now
the　city　was　sufficiently　provided　and　stored　with　all　things
necessary　for　the　war；　they　should　convert　the　overplus　of　its
wealth　to　such　undertakings　as　would　hereafter；　when　completed；　give
them　eternal　honour；　and；　for　the　present；　while　in　process；　freely
supply　all　the　inhabitants　with　plenty。　With　their　variety　of
workmanship　and　of　occasions　for　service；　which　summon　all　arts　and
trades　and　require　all　hands　to　be　employed　about　them；　they　do
actually　put　the　whole　city；　in　a　manner；　into　state…pay；　while　at　the
same　time　she　is　both　beautiful　and　maintained　by　herself。　For　as
those　who　are　of　age　and　strength　for　war　are　provided　for　and
maintained　in　the　armaments　abroad　by　their　pay　out　of　the　public
stock；　so；　it　being　his　desire　and　design　that　the　undisciplined
mechanic　multitude　that　stayed　at　home　should　not　go　without　their
share　of　public　salaries；　and　yet　should　not　have　them　given　them
for　sitting　still　and　doing　nothing；　to　that　end　he　thought　fit　to
bring　in　among　them；　with　the　approbation　of　the　people；　these　vast
projects　of　buildings　and　designs　of　work；　that　would　be　of　some
continuance　before　they　were　finished；　and　would　give　employment　to
numerous　arts；　so　that　the　part　of　the　people　that　stayed　at　home
might；　no　less　than　those　that　were　at　sea　or　in　garrisons　or　on
expeditions；　have　a　fair　and　just　occasion　of　receiving　the　benefit
and　having　their　share　of　the　public　moneys。
　　The　materials　were　stone；　brass；　ivory；　gold；　ebony；　cypresswood；
and　the　arts　or　trades　that　wrought　and　fashioned　them　were　smiths　and
carpenters；　moulders；　founders　and　braziers；　stone…cutters；　dyers；
goldsmiths；　ivory…workers；　painters；　embroiderers；　turners；　those
again　that　conveyed　them　to　the　town　for　use；　merchants　and　mariners
and　ship…masters　by　sea；　and　by　land；　cartwrights；　cattle…breeders；
wagoners；　rope…makers；　flax…workers；　shoemakers　and
leather…dressers；　road…makers；　miners。　And　every　trade　in　the　same
nature；　as　a　captain　in　an　army　has　his　particular　company　of　soldiers
under　him；　had　its　own　hired　company　of　journeymen　and　labourers
belonging　to　it　banded　together　as　in　array；　to　be　as　it　were　the
instrument　and　body　for　the　performance　of　the　service。　Thus；　to　say
all　in　a　word；　the　occasions　and　services　of　these　public　works
distributed　plenty　through　every　age　and　condition。
　　As　then　grew　the　works　up；　no　less　stately　in　size　than　exquisite　in
form；　the　workmen　striving　to　outvie　the　material　and　the　design
with　the　beauty　of　their　workmanship；　yet　the　most　wonderful　thing
of　all　was　the　rapidity　of　their　execution。
　　Undertakings；　any　one　of　which　singly　might　have　required；　they
thought；　for　their　completion；　several　successions　and　ages　of　men；
were　every　one　of　them　accomplished　in　the　height　and　prime　of　one
man's　political　service。　Although　they　say；　too；　that　Zeuxis　once；
having　heard　Agatharchus　the　painter　boast　of　despatching　his　work
with　speed　and　ease；　replied；　〃I　take　a　long　time。〃　For　ease　and　speed
in　doing　a　thing　do　not　give　the　work　lasting　solidity　or　exactness　of
beauty；　the　expenditure　of　time　allowed　to　a　man's　pains　beforehand
for　the　production　of　a　thing　is　repaid　by　way　of　interest　with　a
vital　force　for　the　preservation　when　once　produced。　For　which
reason　Pericles's　works　are　especially　admired；　as　having　been　made
quickly；　to　last　long。　For　every　particular　piece　of　his　work　was
immediately；　even　at　that　time；　for　its　beauty　and　elegance；
antique；　and　yet　in　its　vigour　and　freshness　looks　to　this　day　as　if
it　were　just　executed。　There　is　a　sort　of　bloom　of　newness　upon
those　works　of　his；　preserving　them　from　the　touch　of　time；　as　if　they
had　some　perennial　spirit　and　undying　vitality　mingled　in　the
composition　of　them。
　　Phidias　had　the　oversight　of　all　the　works；　and　was
surveyor…general；　though　upon　the　various　portions　other　great　masters
and　workmen　were　employed。　For　Callicrates　and　Ictinus　built　the
Parthenon；　the　chapel　at　Eleusis；　where　the　mysteries　were　celebrated；
was　begun　by　Coroebus；　who　erected　the　pillars　that　stand　upon　the
floor　or　pavement；　and　joined　them　to　the　architraves；　and　after　his
death　Metagenes　of　Xypete　added　the　frieze　and　the　upper　line　of
columns；　Xenocles　of　Cholargus　roofed　or　arched　the　lantern　on　top
of　the　temple　of　Castor　and　Pollux；　and　the　long　wall；　which
Socrates　says　he　himself　heard　Pericles　propose　to　the　people；　was
undertaken　by　Callicrates。　This　work　Cratinus　ridicules；　as　long　in
finishing…

　　　　　　　　〃'Tis　long　since　Pericles；　if　words　would　do　it；
　　　　　　　　　Talked　up　the　wall；　yet　adds　not　one　mite　to　it。〃

　　The　Odeum；　or　music…room；　which　in　its　interior　was　full　of　seats
and　ranges　of　pillars；　and　outside　had　its　roof　made　to　slope　and
descend　from　one　single　point　at　the　top；　was　constructed；　we　are
told；　in　imitation　of　the　King　of　Persia's　Pavilion；　this　likewise
by　Pericles's　order；　which　Cratinus　again；　in　his　comedy　called　the
Thracian　Women；　made　an　occasion　of　raillery…

　　　　　　　　〃So；　we　see　here；
　　　　　　　　　Jupiter　Long…pate　Pericles　appear；
　　　　　　　　　Since　ostracism　time；　he's　laid　aside　his　head；
　　　　　　　　　And　wears　the　new　Odeum　in　its　stead。〃

　　Pericles；　also　eager　for　distinction；　then　first　obtained　the　decree
for　a　contest　in　musical　skill　to　be　held　yearly　at　the　Panathenaea；
and　he　himself；　being　chosen　judge；　arranged　the　order　and　method　in
which　the　competitors　should　sing　and　play　on　the　flute　and　on　the
harp。　And　both　at　that　time；　and　at　other　times　also；　they　sat　in　this
music…room　to　see　and　hear　all　such　trials　of　skill。
　　The　propylaea；　or　entrances　to　the　Acropolis；　were　finished　in
five　years'　time；　Mnesicles　being　the　principal　architect。　A　strange
accident　happened　in　the　course　of　building；　which　showed　that　the
goddess　was　not　averse　to　the　work；　but　was　aiding　and　co…operating　to
bring　it　to　perfection。　One　of　the　artificers；　the　quickest　and　the
handiest　workman　among　them　all；　with　a　slip　of　his　foot　fell　down
from　a　great　height；　and　lay　in　a　miserable　condition；　the
physicians　having　no　hope　of　his　recovery。　When　Pericles　was　in
distress　about　this；　Minerva　appeared　to　him　at　night　in　a　dream；
and　ordered　a　course　of　treatment；　which　he　applied；　and　in　a　short
time　and　with　great　ease　cured　the　man。　And　upon　this　occasion　it
was　that　he　set　up　a　brass　statue　of　Minerva；　surnamed　Health；　in
the　citadel　near　the　altar；　which　they　say　was　there　before。　But　it
was　Phidias　who　wrought　the　goddess's　image　in　gold；　and　he　has　his
name　inscribed　on　the　pedestal　as　the　workman　of　it；　and　indeed　the
whole　work　in　a　manner　was　under　his　charge；　and　he　had；　as　we　have
said　already；　the　oversight　over　all　the　artists　and　workmen；
through　Pericles's　friendship　for　him；　and　this；　indeed；　made　him　much
envied；　and　his　patron　shamefully　slandered　with　stories；　as　if
Phidias　were　in　the　habit　of　receiving；　for　Pericles's　use；　freeborn
women　that　came　to　see　the　works。　The　comic　writers　of　the　town；
when　they　had　got　hold　of　this　story；　made　much　of　it；　and　bespattered
him　with　all　the　ribaldry　they　could　invent；　charging　him　falsely　with
the　wife　of　Menippus；　one　who　was　his　friend　and　served　as
lieutenant　under　him　in　the　wars；　and　with　the　birds　kept　by
Pyrilampes；　an　acquaintance　of　Pericles；　who；　they　pretended；　used
to　give　presents　of　peacocks　to　Pericles's　female　friends。　And　how　can
one　wonder　at　any　number　of　strange　assertions　from　men　whose　whole
lives　were　devoted　to　mockery；　and　who　were　ready　at　any　time　to
sacrifice　the　reputation　of　their　superiors　to　vulgar　envy　and
spite；　as　to　some　evil　genius；　when　even　Stesimbrotus　the　Thracian　has
dared　to　lay　to　the　charge　of　Pericles　a　monstrous　and　fabulous
piece　of　criminality　with　his　son's　wife？　So　very　difficult　a　matter
is　it　to　trace　and　find　out　the　truth　of　anything　by　history；　when；　on
the　one　hand；　those　who　afterwards　write　it　find　long　periods　of
time　intercepting　their　view；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　the　contemporary
records　of　any　actions　and　lives；　partly　through　envy　and　ill…will；
partly　through　favour　and　flattery；　pervert　and　distort　truth。
　　When　the　orators；　who　sided　with　Thucydides　and　his　party；　were　at
one　time　crying　out；　as　their　custom　was；　against　Pericles；　as　one　who
squandered　away　the　public　money；　and　made　havoc　of　the　state
revenues；　he　rose　in　the　open　assembly　and　put　the　question　to　the
people；　whether　they　thought　that　he　had　laid　out　much；　and　they
saying；　〃Too　much；　a　great　deal；〃　〃Then；〃　said　he；　〃since　it　is　so；
let　the　cost　not　go　to　your　account；　but　to　mine；　and　let　the
inscription　upon　the　buildings　stand　in　my　name。〃　When　they　heard
him　say　thus；　whether　it　were　out　of　a　surprise　to　see　the　greatness
of　his　spirit　or　out　of　emulation　of　the　glory　of　the　works；　they
cried　aloud；　bidding　him　to　spend　on；　and　lay　out　what　he　thought
fit　from　the　public　purse；　and　to　spare　no　cost；　till　all　were
finished。
　　At　length；　coming　to　a　final　contest　with　Thucydides　which　of　the
two　should　ostracism　the　other　out　of　the　country；　and　having　gone
through　this　peril；　he　threw　his　antagonist　out；　and　broke　up　the
confederacy　that　had　been　organized　against　him。　So　that　now　all
schism　and　division　being　at　an　end；　and　the　city　brought　to
evenness　and　unity；　he　got　all　Athens　and　all　affairs　that　pertained
to　the　Athenians　into　his　own　hands；　their　tributes；　their　armies；　and
their　galleys；　the　islands；　the　sea；　and　their　wide…extended　power；
partly　over　other　Greeks　and　partly　over　barbarians；　and　all　that
empire；　which　they　possessed；　founded　and　fortified　upon　subject
nations　and　royal　friendships　and　alliance。
　　After　this　he　was　no　longer　the　same　man　he　had　been　before；　nor
as　tame　and　gentle　and　familiar　as　formerly　with　the　populace；　so　as
readily　to　yield　to　their　pleasures