of the rise and progress of the arts and sciences-第4部分

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every　one　an　inclination　to　please　his　superiors；　and　to　form

himself　upon　those　models；　which　are　most　acceptable　to　people　of

condition　and　education。　Politeness　of　manners；　therefore；　arises

most　naturally　in　monarchies　and　courts；　and　where　that

flourishes；　none　of　the　liberal　arts　will　be　altogether　neglected

or　despised。

　　　　　The　republics　in　Europe　are　at　present　noted　for　want　of

politeness。　；＇5＇　is　an　expression　for　rusticity　among　the　French。　The

English；　in　some　degree；　fall　under　the　same　censure；

notwithstanding　their　learning　and　genius。　And　if　the　Venetians

be　an　exception　to　the　rule；　they　owe　it；　perhaps；　to　their

communication　with　the　other　Italians；　most　of　whose　governments

beget　a　dependence　more　than　sufficient　for　civilizing　their

manners。

　　　　　It　is　difficult　to　pronounce　any　judgment　concerning　the

refinements　of　the　ancient　republics　in　this　particular：　But　I　am

apt　to　suspect；　that　the　arts　of　conversation　were　not　brought　so

near　to　perfection　among　them　as　the　arts　of　writing　and

composition。　The　scurrility　of　the　ancient　orators；　in　many

instances；　is　quite　shocking；　and　exceeds　all　belief。　Vanity　too

is　often　not　a　little　offensive　in　authors　of　those　ages；＇6＇　as

well　as　the　common　licentiousness　and　immodesty　of　their　stile；

；　pene；　；　says　Sallust　in　one　of　the　gravest　and　most

moral　passages　of　his　history。　；　is　an　expression　of　Horace；　in　tracing

the　origin　of　moral　good　and　evil。　Ovid　and　Lucretius＇7＇　are

almost　as　licentious　in　their　stile　as　Lord　Rochester；　though　the

former　were　fine　gentlemen　and　delicate　writers；　and　the　latter；

from　the　corruptions　of　that　court；　in　which　he　lived；　seems　to

have　thrown　off　all　regard　to　shame　and　decency。　Juvenal

inculcates　modesty　with　great　zeal；　but　sets　a　very　bad　example

of　it　if　we　consider　the　impudence　of　his　expressions。

　　　　　I　shall　also　be　bold　to　affirm；　that　among　the　ancients；

there　was　not　much　delicacy　of　breeding；　or　that　polite　deference

and　respect；　which　civility　obliges　us　either　to　express　or

counterfeit　towards　the　persons　with　whom　we　converse。　Cicero　was

certainly　one　of　the　finest　gentlemen　of　his　age；　yet　I　must

confess　I　have　frequently　been　shocked　with　the　poor　figure　under

which　he　represents　his　friend　Atticus；　in　those　dialogues；　where

he　himself　is　introduced　as　a　speaker。　That　learned　and　virtuous

Roman；　whose　dignity；　though　he　was　only　a　private　gentleman；　was

inferior　to　that　of　no　one　in　Rome；　is　there　shewn　in　rather　a

more　pitiful　light　than　Philalethe's　friend　in　our　modern

dialogues。　He　is　a　humble　admirer　of　the　orator；　pays　him

frequent　compliments；　and　receives　his　instructions；　with　all　the

deference　which　a　scholar　owes　to　his　master。＇8＇　Even　Cato　is

treated　in　somewhat　of　a　cavalier　manner　in　the　dialogues　。

　　　　　One　of　the　most　particular　details　of　a　real　dialogue；　which

we　meet　with　in　antiquity；　is　related　by　Polybius；＇9＇　when

Philip；　king　of　Macedon；　a　prince　of　wit　and　parts；　met　with

Titus　Flaminius；　one　of　the　politest　of　the　Romans；　as　we　learn

from　Plutarch；＇10＇　accompanied　with　ambassadors　from　almost　all

the　Greek　cities。　The　Aetolian　ambassador　very　abruptly　tells　the

king；　that　he　talked　like　a　fool　or　a　madman　（lhrein）。　'That's

evident；'　says　his　majesty；　'even　to　a　blind　man'；　which　was　a

raillery　on　the　blindness　of　his　excellency。　Yet　all　this　did　not

pass　the　usual　bounds：　For　the　conference　was　not　disturbed；　and

Flaminius　was　very　well　diverted　with　these　strokes　of　humour。　At

the　end；　when　Philip　craved　a　little　time　to　consult　with　his

friends；　of　whom　he　had　none　present；　the　Roman　general；　being

desirous　also　to　shew　his　wit；　as　the　historian　says；　tells　him；

'that　perhaps　the　reason；　why　he　had　none　of　his　friends　with

him；　was　because　he　had　murdered　them　all'；　which　was　actually

the　case。　This　unprovoked　piece　of　rusticity　is　not　condemned　by

the　historian；　caused　no　farther　resentment　in　Philip；　than　to

excite　a　Sardonian　smile；　or　what　we　call　a　grin；　and　hindered

him　not　from　renewing　the　conference　next　day。　Plutarch＇11＇　too

mentions　this　raillery　amongst　the　witty　and　agreeable　sayings　of

Flaminius。

　　　　　Cardinal　Wolsey　apologized　for　his　famous　piece　of

insolence；　in　saying；　'Ego　et　Rex　meus'；　；　by

observing；　that　this　expression　was　conformable　to　the　Latin

idiom；　and　that　a　Roman　always　named　himself　before　the　person　to

whom；　or　of　whom　he　spake。　Yet　this　seems　to　have　been　an

instance　of　want　of　civility　among　that　people。　The　ancients　made

it　a　rule；　that　the　person　of　the　greatest　dignity　should　be

mentioned　first　in　the　discourse；　insomuch；　that　we　find　the

spring　of　a　quarrel　and　jealousy　between　the　Romans　and

Aetolians；　to　have　been　a　poet's　naming　the　Aetolians　before　the

Romans；　in　celebrating　a　victory　gained　by　their　united　arms　over

the　Macedonians。＇12＇　Thus　Livia　disgusted　Tiberius　by　placing　her

own　name　before　his　in　an　inscription。＇13＇

　　　　　No　advantages　in　this　world　are　pure　and　unmixed。　In　like

manner；　as　modern　politeness；　which　is　naturally　so　ornamental；

runs　often　into　affectation　and　foppery；　disguise　and

insincerity；　so　the　ancient　simplicity；　which　is　naturally　so

amiable　and　affecting；　often　degenerates　into　rusticity　and

abuse；　scurrility　and　obscenity。

　　　　　If　the　superiority　in　politeness　should　be　allowed　to　modern

times；　the　modern　notions　of　；　the　natural　produce　of

courts　and　monarchies；　will　probably　be　assigned　as　the　causes　of

this　refinement。　No　one　denies　this　invention　to　be　modern：＇14＇

But　some　of　the　more　zealous　partizans　of　the　ancients；　have

asserted　it　to　be　foppish　and　ridiculous；　and　a　reproach；　rather

than　a　credit；　to　the　present　age。＇15＇　It　may　here　be　proper　to

examine　this　question。

　　　　　Nature　has　implanted　in　all　living　creatures　an　affection

between　the　sexes；　which；　even　in　the　fiercest　and　most　rapacious

animals；　is　not　merely　confined　to　the　satisfaction　of　the　bodily

appetite；　but　begets　a　friendship　and　mutual　sympathy；　which　runs

through　the　whole　tenor　of　their　lives。　Nay；　even　in　those

species；　where　nature　limits　the　indulgence　of　this　appetite　to

one　season　and　to　one　object；　and　forms　a　kind　of　marriage　or

association　between　a　single　male　and　female；　there　is　yet　a

visible　complacency　and　benevolence；　which　extends　farther；　and

mutually　softens　the　affections　of　the　sexes　towards　each　other。

How　much　more　must　this　have　place　in　man；　where　the　confinement

of　the　appetite　is　not　natural；　but　either　is　derived

accidentally　from　some　strong　charm　of　love；　or　arises　from

reflections　on　duty　and　convenience？　Nothing；　therefore；　can

proceed　less　from　affectation　than　the　passion　of　gallantry。　It

is　　in　the　highest　degree。　Art　and　education；　in　the

most　elegant　courts；　make　no　more　alteration　on　it；　than　on　all

the　other　laudable　passions。　They　only　turn　the　mind　more　towards

it；　they　refine　it；　they　polish　it；　and　give　it　a　proper　grace

and　expression。

　　　　　But　gallantry　is　as　　as　it　is　。　To

correct　such　gross　vices；　as　lead　us　to　commit　real　injury　on

others；　is　the　part　of　morals；　and　the　object　of　the　most

ordinary　education。　Where　　is　not　attended　to；　in　some

degree；　no　human　society　can　subsist。　But　in　order　to　render

conversation；　and　the　intercourse　of　minds　more　easy　and

agreeable；　good…manners　have　been　invented；　and　have　carried　the

matter　somewhat　farther。　Wherever　nature　has　given　the　mind　a

propensity　to　any　vice；　or　to　any　passion　disagreeable　to　others；

refined　breeding　has　taught　men　to　throw　the　biass　on　the

opposite　side；　and　to　preserve；　in　all　their　behaviour；　the

appearance　of　sentiments　different　from　those　to　which　they

naturally　incline。　Thus；　as　we　are　commonly　proud　and　selfish；

and　apt　to　assume　the　preference　above　others；　a　polite　man

learns　to　behave　with　deference　towards　his　companions；　and　to

yield　the　superiority　to　them　in　all　the　common　incidents　of

society。　In　like　manner；　wherever　a　person's　situation　may

naturally　beget　any　disagreeable　suspicion　in　him；　it　is　the　part

of　good…manners　to　prevent　it；　by　a　studied　display　of

sentiments；　directly　contrary　to　those　of　which　he　is　apt　to　be

jealous。　Thus；　old　men　know　their　infirmities；　and　naturally

dread　contempt　from　the　youth：　Hence；　well…educated　youth

redouble　the　instances　of　respect　and　deference　to　their　elders。

Strangers　and　foreigners　are　without　protection：　Hence；　in　all

polite　countries；　they　receive　the　highest　civilities；　and　are

entitled　to　the　first　place　in　every　company。　A　man　is　lord　in

his　own　family；　and　his　guests　are；　in　a　manner；　subject　to　his

authority：　Hence；　he　is　always　the　lowest　person　in　the　company；

attentive　to　the　wants　of　every　one；　and　giving　himself　all　the

trouble；　in　order　to　please；　which　may　not　betray　too　visible　an

affectation；　or　impose　too　much　constraint　on　his　guests。＇16＇

Gallantry　is　nothing　but　an　instance　of　the　same　generous

attention。　As　nature　has　given　　the　superiority　above

；　by　endowing　him　with　greater　strength　both　of　mind　and

body；　it　is　his　part　to　alleviate　that　superiority；　as　much　as

possible；　by　the　generosity　of　his　behaviour；　and　by　a　studied

deference　and　complaisance　for　all　her　inclinations　and　opinions。

Barbarous　nations　display　this　superiority；　by　reducing　their

females　to　the　most　abject　slavery；　by　confining　them；　by　beating

them；　by　selling　them；　by　killing　them。　But　the　male　sex；　among　a

polite　people；　discover　their　authority　in　a　more　generous；

though　not　a　less　evident　manner；　by　civility；　by　respect；　by

complaisance；　and；　in　a　word；　by　gallantry。　In　good　company；　you

need　not　ask；　Who　is　the　master　of　the　feast？　The　man；　who　sits

in　the　lowest　place；　and　who　is　always　industrious　in　helping

every　one；　is　certainly　the　person。　We　must　either　condemn　all

such　instances　of　generosi