03-wealth-第2部分

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be　relied　on　to　keep　his　integrity。　　And　when　one　observes　in　the

hotels　and　palaces　of　our　Atlantic　capitals；　the　habit　of　expense；

the　riot　of　the　senses；　the　absence　of　bonds；　clanship；

fellow…feeling　of　any　kind；　he　feels；　that；　when　a　man　or　a　woman　is

driven　to　the　wall；　the　chances　of　integrity　are　frightfully

diminished；　as　if　virtue　were　coming　to　be　a　luxury　which　few　could

afford；　or；　as　Burke　said；　〃at　a　market　almost　too　high　for

humanity。〃　He　may　fix　his　inventory　of　necessities　and　of　enjoyments

on　what　scale　he　pleases；　but　if　he　wishes　the　power　and　privilege　of

thought；　the　chalking　out　his　own　career；　and　having　society　on　his

own　terms；　he　must　bring　his　wants　within　his　proper　power　to

satisfy。



　　　　　　　　The　manly　part　is　to　do　with　might　and　main　what　you　can　do。

The　world　is　full　of　fops　who　never　did　anything；　and　who　have

persuaded　beauties　and　men　of　genius　to　wear　their　fop　livery；　and

these　will　deliver　the　fop　opinion；　that　it　is　not　respectable　to　be

seen　earning　a　living；　that　it　is　much　more　respectable　to　spend

without　earning；　and　this　doctrine　of　the　snake　will　come　also　from

the　elect　sons　of　light；　for　wise　men　are　not　wise　at　all　hours；　and

will　speak　five　times　from　their　taste　or　their　humor；　to　once　from

their　reason。　　The　brave　workman；　who　might　betray　his　feeling　of　it

in　his　manners；　if　he　do　not　succumb　in　his　practice；　must　replace

the　grace　or　elegance　forfeited；　by　the　merit　of　the　work　done。　　No

matter　whether　he　make　shoes；　or　statues；　or　laws。　　It　is　the

privilege　of　any　human　work　which　is　well　done　to　invest　the　doer

with　a　certain　haughtiness。　　He　can　well　afford　not　to　conciliate；

whose　faithful　work　will　answer　for　him。　　The　mechanic　at　his　bench

carries　a　quiet　heart　and　assured　manners；　and　deals　on　even　terms

with　men　of　any　condition。　　The　artist　has　made　his　picture　so　true；

that　it　disconcerts　criticism。　　The　statue　is　so　beautiful；　that　it

contracts　no　stain　from　the　market；　but　makes　the　market　a　silent

gallery　for　itself。　　The　case　of　the　young　lawyer　was　pitiful　to

disgust；　　a　paltry　matter　of　buttons　or　tweezer…cases；　but　the

determined　youth　saw　in　it　an　aperture　to　insert　his　dangerous

wedges；　made　the　insignificance　of　the　thing　forgotten；　and　gave　fame

by　his　sense　and　energy　to　the　name　and　affairs　of　the　Tittleton

snuffbox　factory。



　　　　　　　　Society　in　large　towns　is　babyish；　and　wealth　is　made　a　toy。

The　life　of　pleasure　is　so　ostentatious；　that　a　shallow　observer　must

believe　that　this　is　the　agreed　best　use　of　wealth；　and；　whatever　is

pretended；　it　ends　in　cosseting。　　But；　if　this　were　the　main　use　of

surplus　capital；　it　would　bring　us　to　barricades；　burned　towns；　and

tomahawks；　presently。　　Men　of　sense　esteem　wealth　to　be　the

assimilation　of　nature　to　themselves；　the　converting　of　the　sap　and

juices　of　the　planet　to　the　incarnation　and　nutriment　of　their

design。　　Power　is　what　they　want；　　not　candy；　　power　to　execute

their　design；　power　to　give　legs　and　feet；　form　and　actuality　to

their　thought；　which；　to　a　clear…sighted　man；　appears　the　end　for

which　the　Universe　exists；　and　all　its　resources　might　be　well

applied。　　Columbus　thinks　that　the　sphere　is　a　problem　for　practical

navigation；　as　well　as　for　closet　geometry；　and　looks　on　all　kings

and　peoples　as　cowardly　landsmen；　until　they　dare　fit　him　out。　　Few

men　on　the　planet　have　more　truly　belonged　to　it。　　But　he　was　forced

to　leave　much　of　his　map　blank。　　His　successors　inherited　his　map；

and　inherited　his　fury　to　complete　it。



　　　　　　　　So　the　men　of　the　mine；　telegraph；　mill；　map；　and　survey；　the

monomaniacs；　who　talk　up　their　project　in　marts；　and　offices；　and

entreat　men　to　subscribe：　　how　did　our　factories　get　built？　how　did

North　America　get　netted　with　iron　rails；　except　by　the　importunity

of　these　orators；　who　dragged　all　the　prudent　men　in？　　Is　party　the

madness　of　many　for　the　gain　of　a　few？　　This　_speculative_　genius　is

the　madness　of　few　for　the　gain　of　the　world。　　The　projectors　are

sacrificed；　but　the　public　is　the　gainer。　　Each　of　these　idealists；

working　after　his　thought；　would　make　it　tyrannical；　if　he　could。　　He

is　met　and　antagonized　by　other　speculators；　as　hot　as　he。　　The

equilibrium　is　preserved　by　these　counteractions；　as　one　tree　keeps

down　another　in　the　forest；　that　it　may　not　absorb　all　the　sap　in　the

ground。　　And　the　supply　in　nature　of　railroad　presidents；

copper…miners；　grand…junctioners；　smoke…burners；　fire…annihilators；

&c。；　is　limited　by　the　same　law　which　keeps　the　proportion　in　the

supply　of　carbon；　of　alum；　and　of　hydrogen。



　　　　　　　　To　be　rich　is　to　have　a　ticket　of　admission　to　the　master…works

and　chief　men　of　each　race。　　It　is　to　have　the　sea；　by　voyaging；　to

visit　the　mountains；　Niagara；　the　Nile；　the　desert；　Rome；　Paris；

Constantinople；　to　see　galleries；　libraries；　arsenals；　manufactories。

The　reader　of　Humboldt's　〃Cosmos〃　follows　the　marches　of　a　man　whose

eyes；　ears；　and　mind　are　armed　by　all　the　science；　arts；　and

implements　which　mankind　have　anywhere　accumulated；　and　who　is　using

these　to　add　to　the　stock。　　So　is　it　with　Denon；　Beckford；　Belzoni；

Wilkinson；　Layard；　Kane；　Lepsius；　and　Livingston。　　〃The　rich　man；〃

says　Saadi；　〃is　everywhere　expected　and　at　home。〃　The　rich　take　up

something　more　of　the　world　into　man's　life。　　They　include　the

country　as　well　as　the　town；　the　ocean…side；　the　White　Hills；　the　Far

West；　and　the　old　European　homesteads　of　man；　in　their　notion　of

available　material。　　The　world　is　his；　who　has　money　to　go　over　it。

He　arrives　at　the　sea…shore；　and　a　sumptuous　ship　has　floored　and

carpeted　for　him　the　stormy　Atlantic；　and　made　it　a　luxurious　hotel；

amid　the　horrors　of　tempests。　　The　Persians　say；　〃'Tis　the　same　to

him　who　wears　a　shoe；　as　if　the　whole　earth　were　covered　with

leather。〃



　　　　　　　　Kings　are　said　to　have　long　arms；　but　every　man　should　have

long　arms；　and　should　pluck　his　living；　his　instruments；　his　power；

and　his　knowing；　from　the　sun；　moon；　and　stars。　　Is　not　then　the

demand　to　be　rich　legitimate？　　Yet；　I　have　never　seen　a　rich　man。　　I

have　never　seen　a　man　as　rich　as　all　men　ought　to　be；　or；　with　an

adequate　command　of　nature。　　The　pulpit　and　the　press　have　many

commonplaces　denouncing　the　thirst　for　wealth；　but　if　men　should　take

these　moralists　at　their　word；　and　leave　off　aiming　to　be　rich；　the

moralists　would　rush　to　rekindle　at　all　hazards　this　love　of　power　in

the　people；　lest　civilization　should　be　undone。　　Men　are　urged　by

their　ideas　to　acquire　the　command　over　nature。　　Ages　derive　a

culture　from　the　wealth　of　Roman　Caesars；　Leo　Tenths；　magnificent

Kings　of　France；　Grand　Dukes　of　Tuscany；　Dukes　of　Devonshire；

Townleys；　Vernons；　and　Peels；　in　England；　or　whatever　great

proprietors。　　It　is　the　interest　of　all　men；　that　there　should　be

Vaticans　and　Louvres　full　of　noble　works　of　art；　British　Museums；　and

French　Gardens　of　Plants；　Philadelphia　Academies　of　Natural　History；

Bodleian；　Ambrosian；　Royal；　Congressional　Libraries。　　It　is　the

interest　of　all　that　there　should　be　Exploring　Expeditions；　Captain

Cooks　to　voyage　round　the　world；　Rosses；　Franklins；　Richardsons；　and

Kanes；　to　find　the　magnetic　and　the　geographic　poles。　　We　are　all

richer　for　the　measurement　of　a　degree　of　latitude　on　the　earth's

surface。　　Our　navigation　is　safer　for　the　chart。　　How　intimately　our

knowledge　of　the　system　of　the　Universe　rests　on　that！　　　and　a　true

economy　in　a　state　or　an　individual　will　forget　its　frugality　in

behalf　of　claims　like　these。



　　　　　　　　Whilst　it　is　each　man's　interest；　that；　not　only　ease　and

convenience　of　living；　but　also　wealth　or　surplus　product　should

exist　somewhere；　it　need　not　be　in　his　hands。　　Often　it　is　very

undesirable　to　him。　　Goethe　said　well；　〃nobody　should　be　rich　but

those　who　understand　it。〃　Some　men　are　born　to　own；　and　can　animate

all　their　possessions。　　Others　cannot：　their　owning　is　not　graceful；

seems　to　be　a　compromise　of　their　character：　they　seem　to　steal　their

own　dividends。　　They　should　own　who　can　administer；　not　they　who

hoard　and　conceal；　not　they　who；　the　greater　proprietors　they　are；

are　only　the　greater　beggars；　but　they　whose　work　carves　out　work　for

more；　opens　a　path　for　all。　　For　he　is　the　rich　man　in　whom　the

people　are　rich；　and　he　is　the　poor　man　in　whom　the　people　are　poor：

and　how　to　give　all　access　to　the　masterpieces　of　art　and　nature；　is

the　problem　of　civilization。　　The　socialism　of　our　day　has　done　good

service　in　setting　men　on　thinking　how　certain　civilizing　benefits；

now　only　enjoyed　by　the　opulent；　can　be　enjoyed　by　all。　　For　example；

the　providing　to　each　man　the　means　and　apparatus　of　science；　and　of

the　arts。　　There　are　many　articles　good　for　occasional　use；　which　few

men　are　able　to　own。　　Every　man　wishes　to　see　the　ring　of　Saturn；　the

satellites　and　belts　of　Jupiter　and　Mars；　the　mountains　and　craters

in　the　moon：　yet　how　few　can　buy　a　telescope！　and　of　those；　scarcely

one　would　like　the　trouble　of　keeping　it　in　order；　and　exhibiting　it。

So　of　electrical　and　chemical　apparatus；　and　many　the　like　things。

Every　man　may　have　occasion　to　consult　books　which　he　does　not　care

to　possess；　such　as　cyclopaedias；　dictionaries；　tables；　charts；　maps；

and　public　documents：　pictures　also　of　birds；　beasts；　fishes；　shells；

trees；　flowers；　whose　names　he　desires　to　know。



　　　　　　　　There　is　a　refining　influence　from　the　arts　of　Design　on　a

prepared　mind；　which　is　as　positive　as　that　of　music；　and　not　to　be

supplied　from　any　other　source。　　But　pictures；　engravings；　statues；

and　casts；　beside　their　first　cost；　entail　expenses；　as　of　galleries

and　keepers　for　the　exhibition；　and　the　use　which　any　man　can　make　of

them　is　rare；　and　their　value；　too；　is　much　enhanced　by　the　numbers

of　men　who　can　share　their　enjoyment。　　In　the　Greek　cities；　it　was

reckoned　profane；　that　any　person　should　pretend　a　property　in　a　work

of　art；　which　b