on the significance of science and art-第6部分

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the　critics；　and　criticism　on　the　critics　of　the　critics。　　And　we
have　collected　picture…galleries；　and　have　studied　different　schools
of　art　in　detail；　and　we　have　so　many　symphonies　and　orchestras　and
operas；　that　it　is　becoming　difficult　even　for　us　to　listen　to　them。
But　what　have　we　added　to　the　popular　bylini　＇the　epic　songs＇；
legends；　tales；　songs？　　What　music；　what　pictures；　have　we　given　to
the　people？

On　the　Nikolskaya　books　are　manufactured　for　the　people；　and
harmonicas　in　Tula；　and　in　neither　have　we　taken　any　part。　　The
falsity　of　the　whole　direction　of　our　arts　and　sciences　is　more
striking　and　more　apparent　in　precisely　those　very　branches；　which；
it　would　seem；　should；　from　their　very　nature；　be　of　use　to　the
people；　and　which；　in　consequence　of　their　false　attitude；　seem
rather　injurious　than　useful。　　The　technologist；　the　physician；　the
teacher；　the　artist；　the　author；　should；　in　virtue　of　their　very
callings；　it　would　seem；　serve　the　people。　　And；　what　then？　　Under
the　present　regime；　they　can　do　nothing　but　harm　to　the　people。

The　technologist　or　the　mechanic　has　to　work　with　capital。　　Without
capital　he　is　good　for　nothing。　　All　his　acquirements　are　such　that
for　their　display　he　requires　capital；　and　the　exploitation　of　the
laboring…man　on　the　largest　scale；　andnot　to　mention　that　he　is
trained　to　live；　at　the　lowest；　on　from　fifteen　hundred　to　two
thousand　a　year；　and　that；　therefore；　he　cannot　go　to　the　country；
where　no　one　can　give　him　such　wages；he　is；　by　virtue　of　his　very
occupation；　unfitted　for　serving　the　people。　　He　knows　how　to
calculate　the　highest　mathematical　arch　of　a　bridge；　how　to
calculate　the　force　and　transfer　of　the　motive　power；　and　so　on；　but
he　is　confounded　by　the　simplest　questions　of　a　peasant：　　how　to
improve　a　plough　or　a　cart；　or　how　to　make　irrigating　canals。　　All
this　in　the　conditions　of　life　in　which　the　laboring　man　finds
himself。　　Of　this；　he　neither　knows　nor　understands　any　thing；
less；　indeed；　than　the　very　stupidest　peasant。　　Give　him　workshops；
all　sorts　of　workmen　at　his　desire；　an　order　for　a　machine　from
abroad；　and　he　will　get　along。　　But　how　to　devise　means　of
lightening　toil；　under　the　conditions　of　labor　of　millions　of　men；
this　is　what　he　does　not　and　can　not　know；　and　because　of　his
knowledge；　his　habits；　and　his　demands　on　life；　he　is　unfitted　for
this　business。

In　a　still　worse　predicament　is　the　physician。　　His　fancied　science
is　all　so　arranged；　that　he　only　knows　how　to　heal　those　persons　who
do　nothing。　　He　requires　an　incalculable　quantity　of　expensive
preparations；　instruments；　drugs；　and　hygienic　apparatus。

He　has　studied　with　celebrities　in　the　capitals；　who　only　retain
patients　who　can　be　cured　in　the　hospital；　or　who；　in　the　course　of
their　cure；　can　purchase　the　appliances　requisite　for　healing；　and
even　go　at　once　from　the　North　to　the　South；　to　some　baths　or　other。
Science　is　of　such　a　nature；　that　every　rural　physic…man　laments
because　there　are　no　means　of　curing　working…men；　because　he　is　so
poor　that　he　has　not　the　means　to　place　the　sick　man　in　the　proper
hygienic　conditions；　and　at　the　same　time　this　physician　complains
that　there　are　no　hospitals；　and　that　he　cannot　get　through　with　his
work；　that　he　needs　assistants；　more　doctors　and　practitioners。

What　is　the　inference？　　This：　　that　the　people's　principal　lack；
from　which　diseases　arise；　and　spread　abroad；　and　refuse　to　be
healed；　is　the　lack　of　means　of　subsistence。　　And　here　Science；
under　the　banner　of　the　division　of　labor；　summons　her　warriors　to
the　aid　of　the　people。　　Science　is　entirely　arranged　for　the　wealthy
classes；　and　it　has　adopted　for　its　task　the　healing　of　the　people
who　can　obtain　every　thing　for　themselves；　and　it　attempts　to　heal
those　who　possess　no　superfluity；　by　the　same　means。

But　there　are　no　means；　and　therefore　it　is　necessary　to　take　them
from　the　people　who　are　ailing；　and　pest…stricken；　and　who　cannot
recover　for　lack　of　means。　　And　now　the　defenders　of　medicine　for
the　people　say　that　this　matter　has　been；　as　yet；　but　little
developed。　　Evidently　it　has　been　but　little　developed；　because　if
（which　God　forbid！）　it　had　been　developed；　and　that　through
oppressing　the　people；instead　of　two　doctors；　midwives；　and
practitioners　in　a　district；　twenty　would　have　settled　down；　since
they　desire　this；　and　half　the　people　would　have　died　through　the
difficulty　of　supporting　this　medical　staff；　and　soon　there　would　be
no　one　to　heal。

Scientific　co…operation　with　the　people；　of　which　the　defenders　of
science　talk；　must　be　something　quite　different。　　And　this　co…
operation　which　should　exist　has　not　yet　begun。　　It　will　begin　when
the　man　of　science；　technologist　or　physician；　will　not　consider　it
legal　to　take　from　peopleI　will　not　say　a　hundred　thousand；　but
even　a　modest　ten　thousand；　or　five　hundred　rubles　for　assisting
them；　but　when　he　will　live　among　the　toiling　people；　under　the　same
conditions；　and　exactly　as　they　do；　then　he　will　be　able　to　apply
his　knowledge　to　the　questions　of　mechanics；　technics；　hygiene；　and
the　healing　of　the　laboring　people。　　But　now　science；　supporting
itself　at　the　expense　of　the　working…people；　has　entirely　forgotten
the　conditions　of　life　among　these　people；　ignores　（as　it　puts　it）
these　conditions；　and　takes　very　grave　offence　because　its　fancied
knowledge　finds　no　adherents　among　the　people。

The　domain　of　medicine；　like　the　domain　of　technical　science；　still
lies　untouched。　　All　questions　as　to　how　the　time　of　labor　is　best
divided；　what　is　the　best　method　of　nourishment；　with　what；　in　what
shape；　and　when　it　is　best　to　clothe　one's　self；　to　shoe　one's　self；
to　counteract　dampness　and　cold；　how　best　to　wash　one's　self；　to
feed　the　children；　to　swaddle　them；　and　so　on；　in　just　those
conditions　in　which　the　working…people　find　themselves；all　these
questions　have　not　yet　been　propounded。

The　same　is　the　case　with　the　activity　of　the　teachers　of　science；
pedagogical　teachers。　　Exactly　in　the　same　manner　science　has　so
arranged　this　matter；　that　only　wealthy　people　are　able　to　study
science；　and　teachers；　like　technologists　and　physicians；　cling　to
money。

And　this　cannot　be　otherwise；　because　a　school　built　on　a　model　plan
（as　a　general　rule；　the　more　scientifically　built　the　school；　the
more　costly　it　is）；　with　pivot　chains；　and　globes；　and　maps；　and
library；　and　petty　text…books　for　teachers　and　scholars　and
pedagogues；　is　a　sort　of　thing　for　which　it　would　be　necessary　to
double　the　taxes　in　every　village。　　This　science　demands。　　The
people　need　money　for　their　work；　and　the　more　there　is　needed；　the
poorer　they　are。

Defenders　of　science　say：　　〃Pedagogy　is　even　now　proving　of
advantage　to　the　people；　but　give　it　a　chance　to　develop；　and　then
it　will　do　still　better。〃　　Yes；　if　it　does　develop；　and　instead　of
twenty　schools　in　a　district　there　are　a　hundred；　and　all
scientific；　and　if　the　people　support　these　schools；　they　will　grow
poorer　than　ever；　and　they　will　more　than　ever　need　work　for　their
children's　sake。　　〃What　is　to　be　done？〃　they　say　to　this。　　The
government　will　build　the　schools；　and　will　make　education
obligatory；　as　it　is　in　Europe；　but　again；　surely；　the　money　is
taken　from　the　people　just　the　same；　and　it　will　be　harder　to　work；
and　they　will　have　less　leisure　for　work；　and　there　will　be　no
education　even　by　compulsion。　　Again　the　sole　salvation　is　this：
that　the　teacher　should　live　under　the　conditions　of　the　working…
men；　and　should　teach　for　that　compensation　which　they　give　him
freely　and　voluntarily。

Such　is　the　false　course　of　science；　which　deprives　it　of　the　power
of　fulfilling　its　obligation；　which　is；　to　serve　the　people。

But　in　nothing　is　this　false　course　of　science　so　obviously
apparent；　as　in　the　vocation　of　art；　which；　from　its　very
significance；　ought　to　be　accessible　to　the　people。　　Science　may
fall　back　on　its　stupid　excuse；　that　science　acts　for　science；　and
that　when　it　turns　out　learned　men　it　is　laboring　for　the　people；
but　art；　if　it　is　art；　should　be　accessible　to　all　the　people；　and
in　particular　to　those　in　whose　name　it　is　executed。　　And　our
definition　of　art；　in　a　striking　manner；　convicts　those　who　busy
themselves　with　art；　of　their　lack　of　desire；　lack　of　knowledge；　and
lack　of　power；　to　be　useful　to　the　people。

The　painter；　for　the　production　of　his　great　works；　must　have　a
studio　of　at　least　such　dimensions　that　a　whole　association　of
carpenters　（forty　in　number）　or　shoemakers；　now　sickening　or
stifling　in　lairs；　would　be　able　to　work　in　it。　　But　this　is　not
all；　he　must　have　a　model；　costumes；　travels。　　Millions　are　expended
on　the　encouragement　of　art；　and　the　products　of　this　art　are　both
incomprehensible　and　useless　to　the　people。　　Musicians；　in　order　to
express　their　grand　ideas；　must　assemble　two　hundred　men　in　white
neckties；　or　in　costumes；　and　spend　hundreds　of　thousands　of　rubles
for　the　equipment　of　an　opera。　　And　the　products　of　this　art　cannot
evoke　from　the　peopleeven　if　the　latter　could　at　any　time　enjoy
itany　thing　except　amazement　and　ennui。

Writersauthorsit　appears；　do　not　require　surroundings；　studios；
models；　orchestras；　and　actors；　but　it　then　appears　that　the　author
needs　（not　to　mention　comfort　in　his　quarters）　all　the　dainties　of
life　for　the　preparation　of　his　great　works；　travels；　palaces；
cabinets；　libraries；　the　pleasures　of　art；　visits　to　theatres；
concerts；　the　baths；　and　so　on。　　If　he　does　not　earn　a　fortune　for
himself；　he　is　granted　a　pension；　in　order　that　he　may　compose　the
better。　　And　again；　these　compositions；　so　prized　by　us；　remain
useless　lumber　for　the　people；　and　utterly　unserviceable　to　them。

And　if　still　more　of　these　dealers　in　spiritual　nourishment　are
developed　further；　as　men　of　science　desire；　and　a　studio　is　erected
in　every　village；　if　an　orchestra　is　set　up；　and　authors　are
supported　in　those　conditions　which　artistic　people　regard　as
indispensable　for　themselves；I　imagine　that　the　working…classes
will　sooner　take　an　oath　never　to　look　at　any　pictures；　never　to
listen　to　a　symphony；　never　to　read　poetry　or　novels；　than　to　feed
all　these　persons。

And