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LITERARY¡¡FRIENDS¡¡AND¡¡ACQUAINTANCESFirst¡¡Impressions¡¡of¡¡Literary¡¡New¡¡York
by¡¡William¡¡Dean¡¡Howells
FIRST¡¡IMPRESSIONS¡¡OF¡¡LITERARY¡¡NEW¡¡YORK
It¡¡was¡¡by¡¡boat¡¡that¡¡I¡¡arrived¡¡from¡¡Boston£»¡¡on¡¡an¡¡August¡¡morning¡¡of¡¡1860£»
which¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡quality¡¡as¡¡an¡¡August¡¡morning¡¡of¡¡1900¡£
I¡¡used¡¡not¡¡to¡¡mind¡¡the¡¡weather¡¡much¡¡in¡¡those¡¡days£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡hot¡¡or¡¡it¡¡was
cold£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡wet¡¡or¡¡it¡¡was¡¡dry£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡my¡¡affair£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡suppose
that¡¡I¡¡sweltered¡¡about¡¡the¡¡strange¡¡city£»¡¡with¡¡no¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡anything¡¡very
personal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡temperature£»¡¡until¡¡nightfall¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡I¡¡remember¡¡is¡¡being
high¡¡up¡¡in¡¡a¡¡hotel¡¡long¡¡since¡¡laid¡¡low£»¡¡listening¡¡in¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡dark£»
after¡¡the¡¡long¡¡day¡¡was¡¡done£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Niagara¡¡roar¡¡of¡¡the¡¡omnibuses¡¡whose
tide¡¡then¡¡swept¡¡Broadway¡¡from¡¡curb¡¡to¡¡curb£»¡¡for¡¡all¡¡the¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡its
length¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡that¡¡hour¡¡the¡¡other¡¡city¡¡noises¡¡were¡¡stilled£»¡¡or¡¡lost¡¡in¡¡this
vaster¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡sound£»¡¡which¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡fill¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡night¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡a
solemnity¡¡which¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡comer¡¡to¡¡New¡¡York¡¡will¡¡hardly¡¡imagine£»¡¡for
that¡¡tide¡¡of¡¡omnibuses¡¡has¡¡long¡¡since¡¡ebbed¡¡away£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡left¡¡the¡¡air¡¡to
the¡¡strident¡¡discords¡¡of¡¡the¡¡elevated¡¡trains¡¡and¡¡the¡¡irregular¡¡alarum¡¡of
the¡¡grip¡car¡¡gongs£»¡¡which¡¡blend¡¡to¡¡no¡¡such¡¡harmonious¡¡thunder¡¡as¡¡rose
from¡¡the¡¡procession¡¡of¡¡those¡¡ponderous¡¡and¡¡innumerable¡¡vans¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a
sort¡¡of¡¡inner¡¡quiet¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sound£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡I¡¡chose¡¡I¡¡slept¡¡off¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡and
woke¡¡to¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡refreshed¡¡and¡¡strengthened¡¡to¡¡explore¡¡the
literary¡¡situation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡metropolis¡£
I¡£
Not¡¡that¡¡I¡¡think¡¡I¡¡left¡¡this¡¡to¡¡the¡¡second¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¡Very¡¡probably¡¡I¡¡lost¡¡no
time¡¡in¡¡going¡¡to¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Saturday¡¡Press£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡I¡¡had¡¡my
breakfast¡¡after¡¡arriving£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡have¡¡a¡¡dim¡¡impression¡¡of¡¡anticipating¡¡the
earliest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bohemians£»¡¡whose¡¡gay¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡life¡¡obliged¡¡them¡¡to¡¡a
good¡¡many¡¡hardships¡¡in¡¡lying¡¡down¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning£»¡¡and¡¡rising¡¡up
late¡¡in¡¡the¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡office¡boy¡¡who¡¡bore¡¡me¡¡company¡¡during¡¡the
first¡¡hour¡¡of¡¡my¡¡visit£»¡¡by¡and¡by¡¡the¡¡editors¡¡and¡¡contributors¡¡actually
began¡¡to¡¡come¡¡in¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡very¡¡specific¡¡about¡¡them¡¡if¡¡I¡¡could£»
for¡¡since¡¡that¡¡Bohemia¡¡has¡¡faded¡¡from¡¡the¡¡map¡¡of¡¡the¡¡republic¡¡of¡¡letters£»
it¡¡has¡¡grown¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡trace¡¡its¡¡citizenship¡¡to¡¡any
certain¡¡writer¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡some¡¡living¡¡who¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡Bohemians¡¡and¡¡even
loved¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡are¡¡increasingly¡¡few¡¡who¡¡were¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡the
fond¡¡retrospect¡¡of¡¡youthful¡¡follies¡¡and¡¡errors¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡but¡¡a
sickly¡¡colony£»¡¡transplanted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡mother¡¡asphalt¡¡of¡¡Paris£»¡¡and¡¡never
really¡¡striking¡¡root¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pavements¡¡of¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡colony¡¡of
ideas£»¡¡of¡¡theories£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡perhaps¡¡never¡¡had¡¡any¡¡deep¡¡root¡¡anywhere¡£
What¡¡these¡¡ideas£»¡¡these¡¡theories£»¡¡were¡¡in¡¡art¡¡and¡¡in¡¡life£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡not
be¡¡very¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Saturday¡¡Press¡¡they¡¡came¡¡to¡¡violent
expression£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡say¡¡explosion£»¡¡against¡¡all¡¡existing¡¡forms¡¡of
respectability¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡respectability¡¡was¡¡your¡¡'bete¡¡noire'£»¡¡then¡¡you¡¡were¡¡a
Bohemian£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡you¡¡were¡¡in¡¡the¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡rendering¡¡yourself¡¡in¡¡prose£»
then¡¡you¡¡necessarily¡¡shredded¡¡your¡¡prose¡¡into¡¡very¡¡fine¡¡paragraphs¡¡of¡¡a
sentence¡¡each£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡a¡¡very¡¡few¡¡words£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡of¡¡one¡¡word¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡believe
this¡¡fashion¡¡prevailed¡¡till¡¡very¡¡lately¡¡with¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dramatic
critics£»¡¡who¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡it¡¡gave¡¡a¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡epigram¡¡to¡¡the¡¡style£»¡¡and
I¡¡suppose¡¡it¡¡was¡¡borrowed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡more¡¡spasmodic¡¡moments¡¡of¡¡Victor¡¡Hugo
by¡¡the¡¡editor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Press¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡brought¡¡it¡¡back¡¡with¡¡him¡¡when¡¡he¡¡came
home¡¡from¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡sojourns¡¡in¡¡Paris¡¡which¡¡possess¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French
accent¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡French¡¡language£»¡¡I¡¡long¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡write¡¡in¡¡that
fashion¡¡myself£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡had¡¡not¡¡the¡¡courage¡£
This¡¡editor¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡such¡¡open¡¡and¡¡avowed¡¡cynicism¡¡that¡¡he¡¡may¡¡have
been£»¡¡for¡¡all¡¡I¡¡know£»¡¡a¡¡kindly¡¡optimist¡¡at¡¡heart£»¡¡some¡¡say£»¡¡however£»¡¡that
he¡¡had¡¡really¡¡talked¡¡himself¡¡into¡¡being¡¡what¡¡he¡¡seemed¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡only¡¡know¡¡that
his¡¡talk£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡day¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡him£»¡¡was¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡that¡¡if¡¡he¡¡was¡¡half
as¡¡bad£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡too¡¡bad¡¡to¡¡be¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡walked¡¡up¡¡and¡¡down¡¡his¡¡room
saying¡¡what¡¡lurid¡¡things¡¡he¡¡would¡¡directly¡¡do¡¡if¡¡any¡¡one¡¡accused¡¡him¡¡of
respectability£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡disabuse¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡all¡¡witnesses¡£
There¡¡were¡¡four¡¡or¡¡five¡¡of¡¡his¡¡assistants¡¡and¡¡contributors¡¡listening¡¡to
the¡¡dreadful¡¡threats£»¡¡which¡¡did¡¡not¡¡deceive¡¡even¡¡so¡¡great¡¡innocence¡¡as
mine£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡found¡¡it¡¡the¡¡sorry¡¡farce¡¡that¡¡I¡¡did¡£
They¡¡probably¡¡felt¡¡the¡¡fascination¡¡for¡¡him¡¡which¡¡I¡¡could¡¡not¡¡disown£»
in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡my¡¡inner¡¡disgust£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡watchful¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡for¡¡the
effect¡¡of¡¡his¡¡words¡¡with¡¡one¡¡who¡¡was¡¡confessedly¡¡fresh¡¡from¡¡Boston£»
and¡¡was¡¡full¡¡of¡¡delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡people¡¡he¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡appeared£»
with¡¡him£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inferiority¡¡of¡¡Boston¡¡that¡¡if¡¡you¡¡passed
down¡¡Washington¡¡Street£»¡¡half¡¡a¡¡dozen¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡crowd¡¡would¡¡know¡¡you¡¡were
Holmes£»¡¡or¡¡Lowell£»¡¡or¡¡Longfellow£»¡¡or¡¡Wendell¡¡Phillips£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡Broadway¡¡no
one¡¡would¡¡know¡¡who¡¡you¡¡were£»¡¡or¡¡care¡¡to¡¡the¡¡measure¡¡of¡¡his¡¡smallest
blasphemy¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡since¡¡heard¡¡this¡¡more¡¡than¡¡once¡¡urged¡¡as¡¡a¡¡signal
advantage¡¡of¡¡New¡¡York¡¡for¡¡the¡¡aesthetic¡¡inhabitant£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡am¡¡not¡¡sure£»
yet£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡so¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡unrecognized¡¡celebrity¡¡probably¡¡has¡¡his¡¡mind
quite¡¡as¡¡much¡¡upon¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡if¡¡some¡¡one¡¡pointed¡¡him¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡otherwise
I¡¡cannot¡¡think¡¡that¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡neighborhood¡¡is¡¡such¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡thing¡¡for¡¡the
artist¡¡in¡¡any¡¡sort¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡responsibility£»¡¡which
cannot¡¡be¡¡too¡¡constant¡¡or¡¡too¡¡keen¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡it¡¡narrows£»¡¡it¡¡deepens£»¡¡and¡¡this
may¡¡be¡¡the¡¡secret¡¡of¡¡Boston¡£
II¡£
It¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡say¡¡just¡¡why¡¡the¡¡Bohemian¡¡group¡¡represented¡¡New
York¡¡literature¡¡to¡¡my¡¡imagination£»¡¡for¡¡I¡¡certainly¡¡associated¡¡other¡¡names
with¡¡its¡¡best¡¡work£»¡¡but¡¡perhaps¡¡it¡¡was¡¡because¡¡I¡¡had¡¡written¡¡for¡¡the
Saturday¡¡Press¡¡myself£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡my¡¡pride¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡it¡¡was¡¡because
that¡¡paper¡¡really¡¡embodied¡¡the¡¡new¡¡literary¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was
clever£»¡¡and¡¡full¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wit¡¡that¡¡tries¡¡its¡¡teeth¡¡upon¡¡everything¡£¡¡¡¡It
attacked¡¡all¡¡literary¡¡shams¡¡but¡¡its¡¡own£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡made¡¡itself¡¡felt¡¡and
feared¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡young¡¡writers¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡country¡¡were¡¡ambitious¡¡to¡¡be
seen¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡gave¡¡their¡¡best¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡they¡¡gave¡¡literally£»¡¡for¡¡the
Saturday¡¡Press¡¡never¡¡paid¡¡in¡¡anything¡¡but¡¡hopes¡¡of¡¡paying£»¡¡vaguer¡¡even
than¡¡promises¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡too¡¡much¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡as¡¡well
for¡¡one¡¡to¡¡be¡¡accepted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Press¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡accepted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Atlantic£»
and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡time¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡other¡¡literary¡¡comparison¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡be¡¡in¡¡it¡¡was
to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡company¡¡of¡¡Fitz¡¡James¡¡O'Brien£»¡¡Fitzhugh¡¡Ludlow£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Aldrich£»
Mr¡£¡¡Stedman£»¡¡and¡¡whoever¡¡else¡¡was¡¡liveliest¡¡in¡¡prose¡¡or¡¡loveliest¡¡in
verse¡¡at¡¡that¡¡day¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡although¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true
that£»¡¡as¡¡Henry¡¡Giles¡¡said¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡¡¨Man¡¡cannot¡¡live¡¡by¡¡snapping¡turtle
alone£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡Press¡¡was¡¡very¡¡good¡¡snapping¡turtle¡£¡¡¡¡Or£»¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡so¡¡then£»
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Boston£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡came¡¡away¡¡with¡¡a¡¡very¡¡different¡¡feeling¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡had¡¡found¡¡there
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country£»¡¡I¡¡could¡¡not¡¡join¡¡in¡¡the¡¡scorn¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡her¡¡and¡¡said¡¡of¡¡her¡¡by
the¡¡Bohemians¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡fancied¡¡a¡¡conspiracy¡¡among¡¡them¡¡to¡¡shock¡¡the¡¡literary
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visiting¡¡other¡¡shrines£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡found¡¡no¡¡harm¡¡in¡¡that£»¡¡for¡¡I¡¡knew¡¡just¡¡how
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that¡¡the¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡Boston¡¡made¡¡him¡¡as¡¡ugly¡¡as¡¡sin£»¡¡then¡¡I¡¡began¡¡to¡¡hope
again¡¡that¡¡men¡¡who¡¡took¡¡themselves¡¡so¡¡seriously¡¡as¡¡that¡¡need¡¡not¡¡be¡¡taken
very¡¡seriously¡¡by¡¡me¡£
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newspaper¡¡offices¡¡before¡¡that£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡could¡¡not¡¡see¡¡what¡¡was¡¡so
distinctively¡¡Bohemian¡¡in¡¡these¡¡'anime¡¡prave'£»¡¡these¡¡souls¡¡so¡¡baleful¡¡by
their¡¡own¡¡showing¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡apparently¡¡Bohemia¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡state¡¡that¡¡you¡¡could
well¡¡imagine¡¡from¡¡one¡¡encounter£»¡¡and¡¡since¡¡my¡¡stay¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be
very¡¡short£»¡¡I¡¡lost¡¡no¡¡time¡¡in¡¡acquainting¡¡myself¡¡further¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡That
very¡¡night¡¡I¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡beer¡cellar£»¡¡once¡¡very¡¡far¡¡up¡¡Broadway£»¡¡where¡¡I
was¡¡given¡¡to¡¡know¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Bohemian¡¡nights¡¡were¡¡smoked¡¡and¡¡quaffed¡¡away¡£
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came¡¡to¡¡Pfaff's£º¡¡a¡¡young¡¡girl¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sprightly¡¡gift¡¡in¡¡letters£»¡¡whose¡¡name
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history¡¡of¡¡letters¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡was¡¡seized¡¡with¡¡hydrophobia¡¡from¡¡the¡¡bite¡¡of¡¡her
dog£»¡¡on¡¡a¡¡railroad¡¡train£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡a¡¡long¡¡journey¡¡home¡¡in¡¡the¡¡paroxysms
of¡¡that¡¡agonizing¡¡disease£»¡¡which¡¡ended¡¡in¡¡her¡¡death¡¡after¡¡she¡¡reached¡¡New
York¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡was¡¡after¡¡her¡¡reign¡¡had¡¡ended£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡such¡¡black¡¡shadow
was¡¡cast¡¡forward¡¡upon¡¡Pfaff's£»¡¡whose¡¡name¡¡often¡¡figured¡¡in¡¡the¡¡verse¡¡and
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had¡¡very¡¡good¡¡at¡¡Pfaff's£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡listening¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whirling¡¡words¡¡of¡¡my
commensals£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡long¡¡board¡¡spread¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Bohemians¡¡in¡¡a¡¡cavernous
space¡¡under¡¡the¡¡pavement¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡writers¡¡for¡¡the¡¡'Saturday¡¡Press'¡¡and
for¡¡Vanity¡¡Fair¡¡£¨a¡¡hopefully¡¡comic¡¡paper¡¡of¡¡that¡¡day£©£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the
artists¡¡who¡¡drew¡¡for¡¡the¡¡illustrated¡¡periodicals¡£¡¡¡¡Nothing¡¡of¡¡their¡¡talk
remains¡¡with¡¡me£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡impression¡¡remains¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡so¡¡good¡¡talk
as¡¡I¡¡had¡¡hea
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