a new view of society-第14部分

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l　often　to　arise　in　their　minds；　and　those　who　could　look　forward　with　confident　hopes　to　such　certain　comfort　and　independence　would；　in　part；　enjoy　by　anticipation　these　advantages。　In　short；　when　this　part　of　the　arrangement　is　well　considered；　it　will　be　found　to　be　the　most　important　to　the　community　and　to　the　proprietors；　indeed；　the　extensively　good　effects　of　it　will　be　experienced　in　such　a　variety　of　ways；　that　to　describe　them　even　below　the　truth　would　appear　an　extravagant　exaggeration。　They　will　not；　however；　prove　the　less　true　because　mankind　are　yet　ignorant　of　the　practice；　and　of　the　principles　on　which　it　has　been　founded。　　　　　These；　then；　are　the　plans　which　are　in　progress　or　intended　for　the　further　improvement　of　the　inhabitants　of　New　Lanark。　They　have　uniformly　proceeded　from　the　principles　which　have　been　developed　through　these　Essays；　restrained；　however；　hitherto；　in　their　operations；　by　the　local　sentiments　and　unfounded　notions　of　the　community　and　neighbourhood；　and　by　the　peculiar　circumstances　of　the　establishment。　　　　　In　every　measure　to　be　introduced　at　the　place　in　question；　for　the　comfort　and　happiness　of　man；　the　existing　errors　of　the　country　were　always　to　be　considered；　and　as　the　establishment　belonged　to　parties　whose　views　were　various；　it　became　also　necessary　to　devise　means　to　create　pecuniary　gains　from　each　improvement；　sufficient　to　satisfy　the　spirit　of　commerce。　　　　　All；　therefore；　which　has　been　done　for　the　happiness　of　this　community；　which　consists　of　between　two　and　three　thousand　individuals；　is　far　short　of　what　might　have　been　easily　effected　in　practice　had　not　mankind　been　previously　trained　in　error。　Hence；　in　devising　these　plans；　the　sole　consideration　was　not；　what　were　the　measures　dictated　by　these　principles；　which　would　produce　the　greatest　happiness　to　man；　but　what　could　be　effected　in　practice　under　the　present　irrational　systems　by　which　these　proceedings　were　surrounded？　　　　　Imperfect；　however；　as　these　proceedings　must　yet　be；　in　consequence　of　the　formidable　obstructions　enumerated；　they　will　yet　appear；　upon　a　full　minute　investigation　by　minds　equal　to　the　comprehension　of　such　a　system；　to　combine　a　greater　degree　of　substantial　comfort　to　the　individuals　employed　in　the　manufactory；　and　of　pecuniary　profit　to　the　proprietors；　than　has　hitherto　been　found　attainable。　　　　　But　to　whom　can　such　arrangements　be　submitted？　Not　to　the　mere　commercial　character；　in　whose　estimation　to　forsake　the　path　of　immediate　individual　gain　would　be　to　show　symptoms　of　a　disordered　imagination；　for　the　children　of　commerce　have　been　trained　to　direct　all　their　faculties　to　buy　cheap　and　sell　dear；　and　consequently；　those　who　are　the　most　expert　and　successful　in　this　wise　and　noble　art；　are；　in　the　commercial　world；　deemed　to　possess　foresight　and　superior　acquirements；　while　such　as　attempt　to　improve　the　moral　habits　and　increase　the　comforts　of　those　whom　they　employ；　are　termed　wild　enthusiasts。　　　　　Nor　yet　are　they　to　be　submitted　to　the　mere　men　of　the　law；　for　these　are　necessarily　trained　to　endeavour　to　make　wrong　appear　right；　or　to　involve　both　in　a　maze　of　intricacies；　and　to　legalize　injustice。　　　　　Nor　to　mere　political　leaders　or　their　partisans；　for　they　are　embarrassed　by　the　trammels　of　party；　which　mislead　their　judgement；　and　often　constrain　them　to　sacrifice　the　real　well…being　of　the　community　and　of　themselves；　to　an　apparent　but　most　mistaken　self…interest。　　　　　Nor　to　those　termed　heroes　and　conquerors；　or　to　their　followers；　for　their　minds　have　been　trained　to　consider　the　infliction　of　human　misery；　and　the　commission　of　military　murders；　a　glorious　duty；　almost　beyond　reward。　　　　　Nor　yet　to　the　fashionable　or　splendid　in　their　appearance；　for　these　are　from　infancy　trained　to　deceive　and　to　be　deceived；　to　accept　shadows　for　substances；　and　to　live　a　life　of　insincerity；　and　of　consequent　discontent　and　misery。　　　　　Still　less　are　they　to　be　exclusively　submitted　to　the　official　expounders　and　defenders　of　the　various　opposing　religious　systems　throughout　the　world；　for　many　of　these　are　actively　engaged　in　propagating　imaginary　notions；　which　cannot　fail　to　vitiate　the　rational　powers　of　man；　and　to　perpetuate　his　misery。　　　　　These　principles；　therefore；　and　the　practical　systems　which　they　recommend；　are　not　to　be　submitted　to　the　judgement　of　those　who　have　been　trained　under；　and　continue　in；　any　of　these　unhappy　combinations　of　circumstances。　But　they　are　to　be　submitted　to　the　dispassionate　and　patient　investigation　and　decision　of　those　individuals　of　every　rank　and　class　and　denomination　of　society；　who　have　become　in　some　degree　conscious　of　the　errors　in　which　they　exist；　who　have　felt　the　thick　mental　darkness　by　which　they　are　surrounded；　who　are　ardently　desirous　of　discovering　and　following　truth　wherever　it　may　lead；　and　who　can　perceive　the　inseparable　connection　which　exists　between　individual　and　general；　between　private　and　public　good！　　　　　It　has　been　said；　and　it　is　now　repeated；　that　these　principles；　thus　combined；　will　prove　themselves　unerringly　true　against　the　most　insidious　or　open　attack；　and；　ere　long；　they　will；　by　their　irresistible　truth；　pervade　society　to　the　utmost　bounds　of　the　earth；　for　'silence　will　not　retard　their　progress；　and　opposition　will　give　increased　celerity　to　their　movements'。　When　they　shall　have　dissipated　in　some　degree；　as　they　speedily　will　dissipate；　the　thick　darkness　in　which　the　human　mind　has　been　and　is　still　enveloped；　the　endless　beneficial　consequences　which　must　follow　the　general　introduction　of　them　into　practice　may　then　be　explained　in　greater　detail；　and　urged　upon　minds　to　which　they　will　then　appear　less　questionable。　　　　　In　the　meantime　we　shall　proceed　to　state；　in　a　Fourth　Essay；　of　what　improvements　the　present　state　of　the　British　population　is　susceptible　in　practice。

FOURTH　ESSAY

The　Principles　of　the　Former　Essays　applied　to　Government　It　is　beyond　all　comparison　better　to　prevent　than　to　punish　crime。　A　system　of　government　therefore　which　shall　prevent　ignorance；　and　consequently　crime；　will　be　infinitely　superior　to　one；　which；　by　encouraging　the　first；　creates　a　necessity　for　the　last；　and　afterwards　inflicts　punishment　on　both。

The　end　of　government　is　to　make　the　governed　and　the　governors　happy。　　　　　That　government；　then；　is　the　best；　which　in　practice　produces　the　greatest　happiness　to　the　greatest　number；　including　those　who　govern；　and　those　who　obey。　　　　　In　a　former　Essay　we　said；　and　it　admits　of　practical　demonstration；　that　by　adopting　the　proper　means；　man　may　by　degrees　be　trained　to　live　in　any　part　of　the　world　without　poverty；　without　crime；　and　without　punishment；　for　all　these　are　the　effects　of　error　in　the　various　systems　of　training　and　governing　error　proceeding　from　very　gross　ignorance　of　human　nature。　　　　　It　is　of　primary　importance　to　make　this　ignorance　manifest；　and　to　show　what　are　the　means　which　are　endowed　with　that　transcendent　efficacy。　　　　　We　have　also　said　that　man　may　be　trained　to　acquire　any　sentiments　and　habits；　or　any　character；　and　no　one　now；　possessing　pretensions　to　the　knowledge　of　human　nature；　will　deny　that　the　government　of　any　independent　community　may　form　the　individuals　of　that　community　into　the　best；　or　into　the　worst　characters。　　　　　If　there　be　one　duty　therefore　more　imperative　than　another；　on　the　government　of　every　country；　it　is；　that　it　should　adopt；　without　delay；　the　proper　means　to　form　those　sentiments　and　habits　in　the　people；　which　shall　give　the　most　permanent　and　substantial　advantages　to　the　individuals　and　to　the　community。　　　　　Survey　the　acquirements　of　the　earliest　ages；　trace　the　progress　of　those　acquirements；　through　all　the　subsequent　periods；　to　the　present　hour；　and　say　if　there　be　anything　of　real　value　in　them；　except　that　which　contributes　in　practice　to　increase　the　happiness　of　the　world。　　　　　And　yet；　with　all　the　parade　of　learning　contained　in　the　myriads　of　volumes　which　have　been　written；　and　which　still　daily　pour　from　the　press；　the　knowledge　of　the　first　step　of　the　progress　which　leads　to　human　happiness　remains　yet　unknown　or　disregarded　by　the　mass　of　mankind。　　　　　The　important　knowledge　to　which　we　allude　is；　'That　the　old　collectively　may　train　the　young　collectively；　to　be　ignorant　and　miserable；　or　to　be　intelligent　and　happy；　And；　on　investigation；　this　will　be　found　to　be　one　of　those　simple　yet　grand　laws　of　the　universe；　which　experience　discovers　and　confirms；　and　which；　as　soon　as　men　become　familiar　with　it；　will　no　longer　admit　of　denial　or　dispute。　Fortunate　will　be　that　government　which　shall　first　acquire　this　knowledge　in　theory；　and　adopt　it　in　practice。　　　　　To　obtain　its　introduction　into　our　own　country　first；　a　mode　of　procedure　is　now　submitted　to　the　immediate　governing　powers　of　the　British　Empire；　and　it　is　so　submitted；　with　an　ardent　desire　that　it　may　undergo　the　most　full　and　ample　discussion；　that　if　it　shall；　as　on　investigation　it　will；　be　found　to　be　the　only　consistent　and　therefore　rational；　system　of　conducting　human　beings；　it　may　be　temperately　and　progressively　introduced；　instead　of　those　defective　national　practices　by　which　the　state　is　now　governed。　　　　　We　therefore　proceed　to　explain　how　this　principle　may　now　be　introduced　into　practice；　without　injury　to　any　part　of　society。　For　it；　is　the　time　and　manner　of　introducing　this　principle　and　its　consequent　practice；　which　alone　constitute　any　difficulty。　　　　　This　will　appear　evident　when　it　is　considered　that　although；　from　a　plain　statement　of　the　most　simple　facts；　the　truth　of　the　principle　cannot　fail　to　prove　so　obvious　that　no　one　will　ever　attempt　openly　to　attack　it；　and　although　its　adoption　into　practice　will　speedily　accumulate　benefits　of　which　the　world　can　now　form　no　adequate　conception；　yet　both　theory　and　practice　are　to　be　introduced　into　a　society　trained　and　matured　under　principles　that　have　impressed　upon　the　individuals　who　compose　it　the　most　opposite　habits　and　sentiments：　which　have　been　so　entwined　from　infancy　in　their　bodily　and　mental　growth；　that　the　simplicity　and　irresistible　power　of　truth　alone　can　disentangle　them　and　expose　their　fallac