demosthenes-第5部分

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itself；　to　make　him　a　citizen　of　Athens；　and　pay　him　honours　while
he　lived；　and　yet　as　soon　as　he　fell　by　another's　hand；　to　set　no
bounds　to　their　jollity；　to　insult　over　him　dead；　and　to　sing
triumphant　songs　of　victory；　as　if　by　their　own　valour　they　had
vanquished　him。　I　must　at　the　same　time　commend　the　behaviour　of
Demosthenes；　who；　leaving　tears　and　lamentations　and　domestic
sorrows　to　the　women；　made　it　his　business　to　attend　to　the
interests　of　the　commonwealth。　And　I　think　it　the　duty　of　him　who
would　be　accounted　to　have　a　soul　truly　valiant；　and　fit　for
government；　that；　standing　always　firm　to　the　common　good；　and　letting
private　griefs　and　troubles　find　their　compensation　in　public
blessings；　he　should　maintain　the　dignity　of　his　character　and
station；　much　more　than　actors　who　represent　the　persons　of　kings
and　tyrants；　who；　we　see；　when　they　either　laugh　or　weep　on　the　stage；
follow；　not　their　own　private　inclinations；　but　the　course
consistent　with　the　subject　and　with　their　position。　And　if；　moreover；
when　our　neighbour　is　in　misfortune；　it　is　not　our　duty　to　forbear
offering　any　consolation；　but　rather　to　say　whatever　may　tend　to　cheer
him；　and　to　invite　his　attention　to　any　agreeable　objects；　just　as
we　tell　people　who　are　troubled　with　sore　eyes　to　withdraw　their　sight
from　bright　and　offensive　colours　to　green；　and　those　of　a　softer
mixture；　from　whence　can　a　man　seek；　in　his　own　case；　better　arguments
of　consolation　for　afflictions　in　his　family；　than　from　the　prosperity
of　his　country；　by　making　public　and　domestic　chances　count；　so　to
say；　together；　and　the　better　fortune　of　the　state　obscure　and　conceal
the　less　happy　circumstances　of　the　individual。　I　have　been　induced　to
say　so　much；　because　I　have　known　many　readers　melted　by　Aeschines's
language　into　a　soft　and　unmanly　tenderness。
　　But　now　to　turn　to　my　narrative。　The　cities　of　Greece　were
inspirited　once　more　by　the　efforts　of　Demosthenes　to　form　a　league
together。　The　Thebans；　whom　he　had　provided　with　arms；　set　upon
their　garrison；　and　slew　many　of　them；　the　Athenians　made　preparations
to　join　their　forces　with　them；　Demosthenes　ruled　supreme　in　the
popular　assembly；　and　wrote　letters　to　the　Persian　officers　who
commanded　under　the　king　in　Asia；　inciting　them　to　make　war　upon　the
Macedonian；　calling　him　child　and　simpleton。　But　as　soon　as
Alexander　had　settled　matters　in　his　own　country；　and　came　in　person
with　his　army　into　Boeotia；　down　fell　the　courage　of　the　Athenians；
and　Demosthenes　was　hushed；　the　Thebans；　deserted　by　them；　fought　by
themselves；　and　lost　their　city。　After　which；　the　people　of　Athens；
all　in　distress　and　great　perplexity；　resolved　to　send　ambassadors
to　Alexander；　and　amongst　others；　made　choice　of　Demosthenes　for
one；　but　his　heart　failing　him　for　fear　of　the　king's　anger；　he
returned　back　from　Cithaeron；　and　left　the　embassy。　In　the　meantime；
Alexander　sent　to　Athens；　requiring　ten　of　their　orators　to　be
delivered　up　to　him；　as　Idomeneus　and　Duris　have　reported；　but　as
the　most　and　best　historians　say；　he　demanded　these　eight　only；…
Demosthenes；　Polyeuctus；　Ephialtes；　Lycurgus；　Moerocles；　Demon；
Callisthenes；　and　Charidemus。　It　was　upon　this　occasion　that
Demosthenes　related　to　them　the　fable　in　which　the　sheep　are　said　to
deliver　up　their　dogs　to　the　wolves；　himself　and　those　who　with　him
contended　for　the　people's　safety　being；　in　his　comparison；　the　dogs
that　defended　the　flock；　and　Alexander　〃the　Macedonian　arch…wolf。〃
He　further　told　them；　〃As　we　see　corn…masters　sell　their　whole　stock
by　a　few　grains　of　wheat　which　they　carry　about　with　them　in　a　dish；
as　a　sample　of　the　rest；　so　you　by　delivering　up　us；　who　are　but　a
few；　do　at　the　same　time　unawares　surrender　up　yourselves　all　together
with　us　so　we　find　it　related　in　the　history　of　Aristobulus；　the
Cassandrian。　The　Athenians　were　deliberating；　and　at　a　loss　what　to
do；　when　Demades；　having　agreed　with　the　persons　whom　Alexander　had
demanded；　for　five　talents；　undertook　to　go　ambassador；　and　to
intercede　with　the　king　for　them；　and；　whether　it　was　that　he　relied
on　his　friendship　and　kindness；　or　that　he　hoped　to　find　him　satiated；
as　a　lion　glutted　with　slaughter；　he　certainly　went；　and　prevailed
with　him　both　to　pardon　the　men；　and　to　be　reconciled　to　the　city。
　　So　he　and　his　friends；　when　Alexander　went　away；　were　great　men；　and
Demosthenes　was　quite　put　aside。　Yet　when　Agis；　the　Spartan；　made
his　insurrection；　he　also　for　a　short　time　attempted　a　movement　in　his
favour；　but　he　soon　shrunk　back　again；　as　the　Athenians　would　not　take
any　part　in　it；　and；　Agis　being　slain；　the　Lacedaemonians　were
vanquished。　During　this　time　it　was　that　the　indictment　against
Ctesiphon；　concerning　the　crown；　was　brought　to　trial。　The　action
was　commenced　a　little　before　the　battle　in　Chaeronea；　when　Chaerondas
was　archon；　but　it　was　not　proceeded　with　till　about　ten　years
after；　Aristophon　being　then　archon。　Never　was　any　public　cause　more
celebrated　than　this；　alike　for　the　fame　of　the　orators；　and　for　the
generous　courage　of　the　judges；　who；　though　at　that　time　the
accusers　of　Demosthenes　were　in　the　height　of　power；　and　supported
by　all　the　favour　of　the　Macedonians；　yet　would　not　give　judgment
against　him；　but　acquitted　him　so　honourably；　that　Aeschines　did　not
obtain　the　fifth　part　of　their　suffrages　on　his　side；　so　that；
immediately　after；　he　left　the　city；　and　spent　the　rest　of　his　life　in
teaching　rhetoric　about　the　island　of　Rhodes；　and　upon　the　continent
in　Ionia。
　　It　was　not　long　after　that　Harpalus　fled　from　Alexander；　and　came　to
Athens　out　of　Asia；　knowing　himself　guilty　of　many　misdeeds　into　which
his　love　of　luxury　had　led　him；　and　fearing　the　king；　who　was　now
grown　terrible　even　to　his　best　friends。　Yet　this　man　had　no　sooner
addressed　himself　to　the　people；　and　delivered　up　his　goods；　his
ships；　and　himself　to　their　disposal；　but　the　other　orators　of　the
town　had　their　eyes　quickly　fixed　upon　his　money；　and　came　in　to　his
assistance；　persuading　the　Athenians　to　receive　and　protect　their
suppliant。　Demosthenes　at　first　gave　advice　to　chase　him　out　of　the
country；　and　to　beware　lest　they　involved　their　city　in　a　war　upon
an　unnecessary　and　unjust　occasion。　But　some　few　days　after；　as　they
were　taking　an　account　of　the　treasure；　Harpalus；　perceiving　how
much　he　was　pleased　with　a　cup　of　Persian　manufacture；　and　how
curiously　he　surveyed　the　sculpture　and　fashion　of　it；　desired　him
to　poise　it　in　his　hand；　and　consider　the　weight　of　the　gold。
Demosthenes；　being　amazed　to　feel　how　heavy　it　was；　asked　him　what
weight　it　came　to。　〃To　you；〃　said　Harpalus；　smiling；　〃it　shall　come
with　twenty　talents。〃　And　presently　after；　when　night　drew　on；　he　sent
him　the　cup　with　so　many　talents。　Harpalus；　it　seems；　was　a　person
of　singular　skill　to　discern　a　man's　covetousness　by　the　air　of　his
countenance；　and　the　look　and　movements　of　his　eyes。　For　Demosthenes
could　not　resist　the　temptation；　but　admitting　the　present；　like　an
armed　garrison；　into　the　citadel　of　his　house；　he　surrendered
himself　up　to　the　interest　of　Harpalus。　The　next　day；　he　came　into　the
assembly　with　his　neck　swathed　about　with　wool　and　rollers；　and　when
they　called　on　him　to　rise　up　and　speak；　he　made　signs　as　if　he　had
lost　his　voice。　But　the　wits；　turning　the　matter　to　ridicule；　said
that　certainly　the　orator　had　been　seized　that　night　with　no　other
than　a　silver　quinsy。　And　soon　after；　the　people；　becoming　aware　of
the　bribery；　grew　angry；　and　would　not　suffer　him　to　speak；　or　make
any　apology　for　himself；　but　ran　him　down　with　noise；　and　one　man
stood　up；　and　cried　out；　〃What；　ye　men　of　Athens；　will　you　not　hear
the　cup…bearer？〃　So　at　length　they　banished　Harpalus　out　of　the
city；　and　fearing　lest　they　should　be　called　to　account　for　the
treasure　which　the　orators　had　purloined；　they　made　a　strict
inquiry；　going　from　house　to　house；　only　Callicles；　the　son　of
Arrhenidas；　who　was　newly　married；　they　would　not　suffer　to　be
searched；　out　of　respects；　as　Theopompus　writes；　to　the　bride；　who　was
within。
　　Demosthenes　resisted　the　inquisition；　and　proposed　a　decree　to　refer
the　business　to　the　court　of　Areopagus；　and　to　punish　those　whom
that　court　should　find　guilty。　But　being　himself　one　of　the　first　whom
the　court　condemned；　when　he　came　to　the　bar；　he　was　fined　fifty
talents；　and　committed　to　prison；　where；　out　of　shame　of　the　crime　for
which　he　was　condemned；　and　through　the　weakness　of　his　body；
growing　incapable　of　supporting　the　confinement；　he　made　his　escape；
by　the　carelessness　of　some　and　by　the　contrivance　of　others　of　the
citizens。　We　are　told；　at　least；　that　he　had　not　fled　far　from　the
city　when；　finding　that　he　was　pursued　by　some　of　those　who　had　been
his　adversaries；　he　endeavoured　to　hide　himself。　But　when　they
called　him　by　his　name；　and　coming　up　nearer　to　him；　desired　he
would　accept　from　them　some　money　which　they　had　brought　from　home
as　a　provision　for　his　journey；　and　to　that　purpose　only　had
followed　him；　when　they　entreated　him　to　take　courage；　and　to　bear
up　against　his　misfortune；　he　burst　out　into　much　greater　lamentation；
saying；　〃But　how　is　it　possible　to　support　myself　under　so　heavy　an
affliction；　since　I　leave　a　city　in　which　I　have　such　enemies；　as　in
any　other　it　is　not　easy　to　find　friends。〃　He　did　not　show　much
fortitude　in　his　banishment；　spending　his　time　for　the　most　part　in
Aegina　and　Troezen；　and；　with　tears　in　his　eyes；　looking　towards　the
country　of　Attica。　And　there　remain　upon　record　some　sayings　of　his；
little　resembling　those　sentiments　of　generosity　and　bravery　which
he　used　to　express　when　he　had　the　management　of　the　commonwealth。
For；　as　he　was　departing　out　of　the　city；　it　is　reported；　he　lifted　up
his　hands　towards　the　Acropolis；　and　said；　〃O　Lady　Minerva；　how　is
it　that　thou　takest　delight　in　three　such　fierce　untractable　beasts；
the　owl；　the　snake；　and　the　people？〃　The　young　men　that　came　to
visit　and　converse　with　him；　he　deterred　from　meddling　with　state
affairs；　telling　them；　that　if　at　first　two　ways　had　been　proposed
to　him；　the　one　leading　to　the　speaker's　stand　and　the　assembly；　the
other　going　direct　to