statesman-第6部分

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　　Y。　Soc。　Very　true。

　　Str。　Will　not　the　best　and　easiest　way　of　bringing　them　to　a

knowledge　of　what　they　do　not　as　yet　know　be…

　　Y。　Soc。　Be　what？

　　Str。　To　refer　them　first　of　all　to　cases　in　which　they　judge

correctly　about　the　letters　in　question；　and　then　to　compare　these

with　the　cases　in　which　they　do　not　as　yet　know；　and　to　show　

them　that

the　letters　are　the　same；　and　have　the　same　character　in　both

combination；　until　all　cases　in　which　they　are　right　have　been

Placed　side　by　side　with　all　cases　in　which　they　are　wrong。　In　this

way　they　have　examples；　and　are　made　to　learn　that　each　letter　in

every　combination　is　always　the　same　and　not　another；　and　is　always

called　by　the　same　name。

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly。

　　Str。　Are　not　examples　formed　in　this　manner？　We　take　a　thing　and

compare　it　with　another　distinct　instance　of　the　same　thing；　of

which　we　have　a　right　conception；　and　out　of　the　comparison　there

arises　one　true　notion；　which　includes　both　of　them。

　　Y。　Soc。　Exactly。

　　Str。　Can　we　wonder；　then；　that　the　soul　has　the　same　uncertainty

about　the　alphabet　of　things；　and　sometimes　and　in　some　cases　is

firmly　fixed　by　the　truth　in　each　particular；　and　then；　again；　in

other　cases　is　altogether　at　sea；　having　somehow　or　other　a　

correction

of　combinations；　but　when　the　elements　are　transferred　into　the　long

and　difficult　language　（syllables）　of　facts；　is　again　ignorant　of

them？

　　Y。　Soc。　There　is　nothing　wonderful　in　that。

　　Str。　Could　any　one；　my　friend；　who　began　with　false　opinion　ever

expect　to　arrive　even　at　a　small　portion　of　truth　and　to　attain

wisdom？

　　Y。　Soc。　Hardly。

　　Str。　Then　you　and　I　will　not　be　far　wrong　in　trying　to　see　the

nature　of　example　in　general　in　a　small　and　particular　instance；

afterwards　from　lesser　things　we　intend　to　pass　to　the　royal　class；

which　is　the　highest　form　of　the　same　nature；　and　endeavour　to

discover　by　rules　of　art　what　the　management　of　cities　is；　and　then

the　dream　will　become　a　reality　to　us。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　true。

　　Str。　Then；　once　more；　let　us　resume　the　previous　argument；　and　as

there　were　innumerable　rivals　of　the　royal　race　who　claim　to　have

the　care　of　states；　let　us　part　them　all　off；　and　leave　him　alone；

and；　as　I　was　saying；　a　model　or　example　of　this　process　has　first

to　be　framed。

　　Y。　Soc。　Exactly。

　　Str。　What　model　is　there　which　is　small；　and　yet　has　any　analogy

with　the　political　occupation？　Suppose；　Socrates；　that　if　we　have　no

other　example　at　hand；　we　choose　weaving；　or；　more　precisely；

weaving　of　wool…this　will　be　quite　enough；　without　taking　

the　whole　of

weaving；　to　illustrate　our　meaning？

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly。

　　Str。　Why　should　we　not　apply　to　weaving　the　same　processes　of

division　and　subdivision　which　we　have　already　applied　to　other

classes；　going　once　more　as　rapidly　as　we　can　through　all　the　steps

until　we　come　to　that　which　is　needed　for　our　purpose？

　　Y。　Soc。　How　do　you　mean？

　　Str。　I　shall　reply　by　actually　performing　the　process。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　good。

　　Str。　All　things　which　we　make　or　acquire　are　either　creative　or

preventive；　of　the　preventive　class　are　antidotes；　divine　and　human；

and　also　defences；　and　defences　are　either　military　weapons　or

protections；　and　protections　are　veils；　and　also　shields　against

heat　and　cold；　and　shields　against　heat　and　cold　are　shelters　and

coverings；　and　coverings　are　blankets　and　garments；　and　garments　are

some　of　them　in　one　piece；　and　others　of　them　are　made　in　several

parts；　and　of　these　latter　some　are　stitched；　others　are　fastened

and　not　stitched；　and　of　the　not　stitched；　some　are　made　of　

the　sinews

of　plants；　and　some　of　hair；　and　of　these；　again；　some　are　cemented

with　water　and　earth；　and　others　are　fastened　together　by

themselves。　And　these　last　defences　and　coverings　which　are　fastened

together　by　themselves　are　called　clothes；　and　the　art　which

superintends　them　we　may　call；　from　the　nature　of　the　operation；　the

art　of　clothing；　just　as　before　the　art　of　the　Statesman　was　derived

from　the　State；　and　may　we　not　say　that　the　art　of　weaving；　at　least

that　largest　portion　of　it　which　was　concerned　with　the　making　of

clothes；　differs　only　in　name　from　this　art　of　clothing；　in　the　same

way　that；　in　the　previous　case；　the　royal　science　differed　from　the

political？

　　Y。　Soc。　Most　true。

　　Str。　In　the　next　place；　let　us　make　the　reflection；　that　the　art

of　weaving　clothes；　which　an　incompetent　person　might　fancy　to　have

been　sufficiently　described；　has　been　separated　off　from　several

others　which　are　of　the　same　family；　but　not　from　the　co…operative

arts。

　　Y。　Soc。　And　which　are　the　kindred　arts？

　　Str。　I　see　that　I　have　not　taken　you　with　me。　So　I　think　

that　we　had

better　go　backwards；　starting　from　the　end。　We　just　now　parted　off

from　the　weaving　of　clothes；　the　making　of　blankets；　which　

differ　from

each　other　in　that　one　is　put　under　and　the　other　is　put　around！　and

these　are　what　I　termed　kindred　arts。

　　Y。　Soc。　I　understand。

　　Str。　And　we　have　subtracted　the　manufacture　of　all　articles　made

of　flax　and　cords；　and　all　that　we　just　now　metaphorically　termed

the　sinews　of　plants；　and　we　have　also　separated　off　the　process　of

felting　and　the　putting　together　of　materials　by　stitching　

and　sewing；

of　which　the　most　important　part　is　the　cobbler's　art。

　　Y。　Soc。　Precisely。

　　Str。　Then　we　separated　off　the　currier's　art；　which　prepared

coverings　in　entire　pieces；　and　the　art　of　sheltering；　and

subtracted　the　various　arts　of　making　water…tight　which　are　employed

in　building；　and　in　general　in　carpentering；　and　in　other　crafts；

and　all　such　arts　as　furnish　impediments　to　thieving　and　acts　of

violence；　and　are　concerned　with　making　the　lids　of　boxes　and　the

fixing　of　doors；　being　divisions　of　the　art　of　joining；　and　we　also

cut　off　the　manufacture　of　arms；　which　is　a　section　of　the　great　and

manifold　art　of　making　defences；　and　we　originally　began　by　parting

off　the　whole　of　the　magic　art　which　is　concerned　with　antidoter；

and　have　left；　as　would　appear；　the　very　art　of　which　we　were　in

search；　the　art　of　protection　against　winter　cold；　which　fabricates

woollen　defences；　and　has　the　name　of　weaving。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　true。

　　Str。　Yes；　my　boy；　but　that　is　not　all；　for　the　first　process　to

which　the　material　is　subjected　is　the　opposite　of　weaving。

　　Y。　Soc。　How　so？

　　Str。　Weaving　is　a　sort　of　uniting？

　　Y。　Soc。　Yes。

　　Str。　But　the　first　process　is　a　separation　of　the　clotted　

and　matted

fibres？

　　Y。　Soc。　What　do　you　mean？

　　Str。　I　mean　the　work　of　the　carder's　art；　for　we　cannot　say　that

carding　is　weaving；　or　that　the　carder　is　a　weaver。

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly　not。

　　Str。　Again；　if　a　person　were　to　say　that　the　art　of　making　the

warp　and　the　woof　was　the　art　of　weaving；　he　would　say　what　was

paradoxical　and　false。

　　Y。　Soc。　To　be　sure。

　　Str。　Shall　we　say　that　the　whole　art　of　the　fuller　or　of　the

mender　has　nothing　to　do　with　the　care　and　treatment　clotes；　

or　are　we

to　regard　all　these　as　arts　of　weaving？

　　Y。　Soc。　Certainly　not。

　　Str。　And　yet　surely　all　these　arts　will　maintain　that　they　are

concerned　with　the　treatment　and　production　of　clothes；　they　will

dispute　the　exclusive　prerogative　of　weaving；　and　though　assigning　a

larger　sphere　to　that；　will　still　reserve　a　considerable　field　for

themselves。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　true。

　　Str。　Besides　these；　there　are　the　arts　which　make　tools　and

instruments　of　weaving；　and　which　will　claim　at　least　to　be

cooperative　causes　in　every　work　of　the　weaver。

　　Y。　Soc。　Most　true。

　　Str。　Well；　then；　suppose　that　we　define　weaving；　or　rather　

that　part

of　it　which　has　been　selected　by　us；　to　be　the　greatest　and　

noblest　of

arts　which　are　concerned　with　woollen　garments…shall　we　be　right？　Is

not　the　definition；　although　true；　wanting　in　clearness　and

completeness；　for　do　not　all　those　other　arts　require　to　be　first

cleared　away？

　　Y。　Soc。　True。

　　Str。　Then　the　next　thing　will　be　to　separate　them；　in　

order　that　the

argument　may　proceed　in　a　regular　manner？

　　Y。　Soc。　By　all　means。

　　Str。　Let　us　consider；　in　the　first　place；　that　there　are　two　kinds

of　arts　entering　into　everything　which　we　do。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　are　they？

　　Str。　The　one　kind　is　the　conditional　or　cooperative；　the　other　the

principal　cause。

　　Y。　Soc。　What　do　you　mean？

　　Str。　The　arts　which　do　not　manufacture　the　actual　thing；　but　which

furnish　the　necessary　tools　for　the　manufacture；　without　which　the

several　arts　could　not　fulfil　their　appointed　work；　are

co…operative；　but　those　which　make　the　things　themselves　are　causal。

　　Y。　Soc。　A　very　reasonable　distinction。

　　Str。　Thus　the　arts　which　make　spindles；　combs；　and　other　

instruments

of　the　production　of　clothes　may　be　called　co…operative；　and　those

which　treat　and　fabricate　the　things　themselves；　causal。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　true。

　　Str。　The　arts　of　washing　and　mending；　and　the　other　

preparatory　arts

which　belong　to　the　causal　class；　and　form　a　division　of　the　

great　art

of　adornment；　may　be　all　comprehended　under　what　we　call　the

fuller's　art。

　　Y。　Soc。　Very　good。

　　Str。　Carding　and　spinning　threads　and　all　the　parts　of　the　process

which　are　concerned　with　the　actual　manufacture　of　a　woollen　garment

form　a　single　art；　which　is　one　of　thow　universally　acknowledged…the

art　of　working　in　wool。

　　Y。　Soc。　To　be　sure。

　　Str。　Of　working　in　wool　again；　there　are　two　divisions；　and　both

these　are　parts　of　two　arts　at　once。

　　Y。　Soc。　How　is　that？

　　Str。　Carding　and　one　half　of　the　use　of　the　comb；　and　the　other

processes　of　wool…working　which　separate　the　composite；　may　

be　classed

together　as　belonging　both　to　the　art　of　woolworking；　and　also　to

one　of　the　two　great　arts　which　are　of　universal　application…the　art

of　composition　and　the　art　of　division。

　　Y。　Soc。　Yes。

　　Str。　To　the　latter　belong　carding　and　the　other　processes　

of　which　I

was　just　now　speaking　the　art　of　discernment　or　division　in　wool　and

yarn；　which　is　effected　in　one　manner　with　the　comb　and　in　another

with　the　hands；　is　variously　described