poplicola-第3部分

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his　best　and　most　important　measures。　First；　he　supplied　the　vacancies
of　the　senators；　whom　either　Tarquin　long　before　had　put　to　death；
or　the　war　lately　cut　off；　those　that　he　enrolled；　they　write；
amounted　to　a　hundred　and　sixty…four；　afterwards　he　made　several
laws　which　added　much　to　the　people's　liberty；　in　particular　one
granting　offenders　the　liberty　of　appealing　to　the　people　from　the
judgment　of　the　consuls；　a　second；　that　made　it　death　to　usurp　any
magistracy　without　the　people's　consent；　a　third；　for　the　relief　of
poor　citizens；　which；　taking　off　their　taxes；　encouraged　their
labours；　another；　against　disobedience　to　the　consuls；　which　was　no
less　popular　than　the　rest；　and　rather　to　the　benefit　of　the
commonalty　than　to　the　advantage　of　the　nobles；　for　it　imposed　upon
disobedience　the　penalty　of　ten　oxen　and　two　sheep；　the　price　of　a
sheep　being　ten　obols；　of　an　ox；　an　hundred。　For　the　use　of　money
was　then　infrequent　amongst　the　Romans；　but　their　wealth　in　cattle
great；　even　now　pieces　of　property　are　called　peculia　from　pecus；
cattle；　and　they　had　stamped　upon　their　most　ancient　money　an　ox；　a
sheep；　or　a　hog；　and　surnamed　their　sons　Suillii；　Bubulci；　Caprarii；
and　Porcii；　from　caproe；　goats；　and　porci；　hogs。
　　Amidst　this　mildness　and　moderation；　for　one　excessive　fault　he
instituted　one　excessive　punishment；　for　he　made　it　lawful　without
trial　to　take　away　any　man's　life　that　aspired　to　a　tyranny；　and
acquitted　the　slayer；　if　he　produced　evidence　of　the　crime；　for　though
it　was　not　probable　for　a　man；　whose　designs　were　so　great；　to
escape　all　notice；　yet　because　it　was　possible　he　might；　although
observed；　by　force　anticipate　judgment；　which　the　usurpation　itself
would　then　preclue；　he　gave　a　licence　to　any　to　anticipate　the
usurper。　He　was　honoured　likewise　for　the　law　touching　the　treasury；
for　because　it　was　necessary　for　the　citizens　to　contribute　out　of
their　estates　to　the　maintenance　of　wars；　and　he　was　unwilling　himself
to　be　concerned　in　the　care　of　it；　or　to　permit　his　friends　or
indeed　to　let　the　public　money　pass　into　any　private　house；　he
allotted　the　temple　of　Saturn　for　the　treasury；　in　which　to　this　day
they　deposit　the　tribute…money；　and　granted　the　people　the　liberty
of　choosing　two　young　men　as　quaestors；　or　treasurers。　The　first
were　Publius　Veturius　and　Marcus　Minucius；　and　a　large　sum　was
collected；　for　they　assessed　one　hundred　and　thirty　thousand；　excusing
orphans　and　widows　from　the　payment。　After　these　dispositions；　he
admitted　Lucretius；　the　father　of　Lucretia；　as　his　colleague；　and　gave
him　the　precedence　in　the　government；　by　resigning　the　fasces　to
him；　as　due　to　his　years；　which　privilege　of　seniority　continued　to
our　time。　But　within　a　few　days　Lucretius　died；　and　in　a　new
election　Marcus　Horatius　succeeded　in　that　honour；　and　continued
consul　for　the　remainder　of　the　year。
　　Now；　whilst　Tarquin　was　making　preparations　in　Tuscany　for　a
second　war　against　the　Romans；　it　is　said　a　great　portent　occurred。
When　Tarquin　was　king；　and　had　all　but　completed　the　buildings　of
the　Capitol；　designing；　whether　from　oracular　advice　or　his　own
pleasure；　to　erect　an　earthen　chariot　upon　the　top；　he　intrusted　the
workmanship　to　Tuscans　of　the　city　Veii；　but　soon　after　lost　his
kingdom。　The　work　thus　modelled；　the　Tuscans　set　in　a　furnace；　but　the
clay　showed　not　those　passive　qualities　which　usually　attend　its
nature；　to　subside　and　be　condensed　upon　the　evaporation　of　the
moisture；　but　rose　and　swelled　out　to　that　bulk；　that；　when　solid
and　firm；　notwithstanding　the　removal　of　the　roof　and　opening　the
walls　of　the　furnace；　it　could　not　be　taken　out　without　much
difficulty。　The　soothsayers　looked　upon　this　as　a　divine　prognostic　of
success　and　power　to　those　that　should　possess　it；　and　the　Tuscans
resolved　not　to　deliver　it　to　the　Roman；　who　demanded　it；　but　answered
that　it　rather　belonged　to　Tarquin　than　to　those　who　had　sent　him　into
exile。　A　few　days　after；　they　had　a　horse…race　there；　with　the　usual
shows　and　solemnities；　and　as　the　charioteer　with　his　garland　on　his
head　was　quietly　driving　the　victorious　chariot　out　of　the　ring；　the
horses；　upon　no　apparent　occasion；　taking　fright；　either　by　divine
instigation　or　by　accident；　hurried　away　their　driver　at　full　speed　to
Rome；　neither　did　his　holding　them　in　prevail；　nor　his　voice；　but　he
was　forced　along　with　violence　till；　coming　to　the　Capitol；　he　was
thrown　out　by　the　gate　called　Ratumena。　This　occurrence　raised
wonder　and　fear　in　the　Veientines；　who　now　permitted　the　delivery　of
the　chariot。
　　The　building　of　the　temple　of　the　Capitoline　Jupiter　had　been
vowed　by　Tarquin；　the　son　of　Demaratus；　when　warring　with　the　Sabines；
Tarquinius　Superbus；　his　son　or　grandson；　built　but　could　not　dedicate
it；　because　he　lost　his　kingdom　before　it　was　quite　finished。　And
now　that　it　was　completed　with　all　its　ornaments；　Poplicola　was
ambitious　to　dedicate　it；　but　the　nobility　envied　him　that　honour；　as；
indeed；　also；　in　some　degree；　those　his　prudence　in　making　laws　and
conduct　in　wars　entitled　him　to。　Grudging　him；　at　any　rate；　the
addition　of　this；　they　urged　Horatius　to　sue　for　the　dedication；
and；　whilst　Poplicola　was　engaged　in　some　military　expedition；　voted
it　to　Horatius；　and　conducted　him　to　the　Capitol；　as　though；　were
Poplicola　present；　they　could　not　have　carried　it。　Yet；　some　write；
Poplicola　was　by　lot　destined　against　his　will　to　the　expedition；
the　other　to　the　dedication；　and　what　happened　in　the　performance
seems　to　intimate　some　ground　for　this　conjecture；　for；　upon　the
Ides　of　September；　which　happens　about　the　full　moon　of　the　month
Metagitnion；　the　people　having　assembled　at　the　Capitol　and　silence
being　enjoined；　Horatius；　after　the　performance　of　other　ceremonies；
holding　the　doors；　according　to　custom；　was　proceeding　to　pronounce
the　words　of　dedication；　when　Marcus；　the　brother　of　Poplicola；　who
had　got　a　place　on　purpose　beforehand　near　the　door；　observing　his
opportunity；　cried；　〃O　consul；　thy　son　lies　dead　in　the　camp；〃　which
made　a　great　impression　upon　all　others　who　heard　it；　yet　in　nowise
discomposed　Horatius；　who　returned　merely　the　reply；　〃Cast　the　dead
out　whither　you　please；　I　am　not　a　mourner；〃　and　so　completed　the
dedication。　The　news　was　not　true；　but　Marcus　thought　the　he　might
avert　him　from　his　performance；　but　it　argues　him　a　man　of　wonderful
self…possession；　whether　he　at　once　saw　through　the　cheat；　or；
believing　it　as　true；　showed　no　discomposure。
　　The　same　fortune　attended　the　dedication　of　the　second　temple；　the
first；　as　has　been　said；　was　built　by　Tarquin；　and　dedicated　by
Horatius；　it　was　burnt　down　in　the　civil　wars。　The　second；　Sylla
built；　and；　dying　before　the　dedication；　left　that　honour　to
Catulus；　and　when　this　was　demolished　in　the　Vitellian　sedition；
Vespasian；　with　the　same　success　that　attended　him　in　other　things；
began　a　third　and　lived　to　see　it　finished；　but　did　not　live　to　see　it
again　destroyed；　as　it　presently　was；　but　was　as　fortunate　in　dying
before　its　destruction；　as　Sylla　was　the　reverse　in　dying　before　the
dedication　of　his。　For　immediately　after　Vespasian's　death　it　was
consumed　by　fire。　The　fourth；　which　now　exists；　was　both　built　and
dedicated　by　Domitian。　It　is　said　Tarquin　expended　forty　thousand
pounds　of　silver　in　the　very　foundations；　but　the　whole　wealth　of
the　richest　private　man　in　Rome　would　not　discharge　the　cost　of　the
gilding　of　this　temple　in　our　days；　it　amounting　to　above　twelve
thousand　talents；　the　pillars　were　cut　out　of　Pentelican　marble；　of
a　length　most　happily　proportioned　to　their　thickness；　these　we　saw　at
Athens；　but　when　they　were　cut　anew　at　Rome　and　polished；　they　did　not
gain　so　much　in　embellishment　as　they　lost　in　symmetry；　being　rendered
too　taper　and　slender。　Should　any　one　who　wonders　at　the　costliness　of
the　Capitol　visit　any　one　gallery　in　Domitian's　palace；　or　hall；　or
bath；　or　the　apartments　of　his　concubines；　Epicharmus's　remark　upon
the　prodigal；　that…

　　　　　　　　　〃'Tis　not　beneficence；　but　truth　to　say；
　　　　　　　　　　A　mere　disease　of　giving　things　away；〃

would　be　in　his　mouth　in　application　to　Domitian。　It　is　neither　piety；
he　would　say；　nor　magnificence；　but；　indeed；　a　mere　disease　of
building；　and　a　desire；　like　Midas；　of　converting　everything　into　gold
or　stone。　And　thus　much　for　this　matter。
　　Tarquin；　after　the　great　battle　wherein　he　lost　his　son　in　combat
with　Brutus；　fled　to　Clusium；　and　sought　aid　from　Lars　Porsenna；
then　one　of　those　most　powerful　princes　of　Italy；　and　a　man　of　worth
and　generosity；　who　assured　him　of　assistance；　immediately　sending　his
commands　to　Rome　that　they　should　receive　Tarquin　as　their　king；
and；　upon　the　Romans'　refusal；　proclaimed　war；　and；　having　signified
the　time　and　place　where　he　intended　his　attack；　approached　with　a
great　army。　Poplicola　was；　in　his　absence；　chosen　consul　a　second
time；　and　Titus　Lucretius　his　colleague；　and；　returning　to　Rome；　to
show　a　spirit　yet　loftier　than　Porsenna's；　built　the　city　Sigliura
when　Porsenna　was　already　in　the　neighbourhood；　and　walling　it　at
great　expense；　there　placed　a　colony　of　seven　hundred　men；　as　being
little　concerned　at　the　war。　Nevertheless；　Porsenna；　making　a　sharp
assault；　obliged　the　defendants　to　retire　to　Rome；　who　had　almost　in
their　entrance　admitted　the　enemy　into　the　city　with　them；　only
Poplicola　by　sallying　out　at　the　gate　prevented　them；　and；　joining
battle　by　Tiber　side；　opposed　the　enemy；　that　pressed　on　with　their
multitude；　but　at　last；　sinking　under　desperate　wounds；　was　carried
out　of　the　fight。　The　same　fortune　fell　upon　Lucretius；　so　that　the
Romans；　being　dismayed；　retreated　into　the　city　for　their　security；
and　Rome　was　in　great　hazard　of　being　taken；　the　enemy　forcing　their
way　on　to　the　wooden　bridge；　where　Horatius　Cocles；　seconded　by　two　of
the　first　men　in　Rome；　Herminius　and　Lartius；　made　head　against
them。　Horatius　obtained　this　name　from　the　loss　of　one　of　his　eyes
in　the　war；　or；　as　others　write；　from　the　depressure　of　his　nose；
which；　leaving　nothing　in　the　middle　to　separate　them；　made　both
eyes　appear　but　as　one；　and　hence；　intending　to　say　Cyclops；　by　a
mispronunciation