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icpe3-第3部分

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reverse takes place in bourgeois society。  Agriculture; to an increasing 
extent; becomes just a branch of industry and is completely dominated by 
capital。  The same applies to rent。  In all forms in which landed 
property is the decisive factor; natural relations still predominate; in 
the forms in which the decisive factor is capital; social; 
historically…evolved elements predominate。  Rent cannot be understood 
with capital; but capital can be understood without rent。  Capital is 
the economic power that dominates everything in bourgeois society。  It 
must form both the point of departure and the conclusion and it has to 
be expounded before landed property。  After analyzing capital and landed 
property separately; their interconnection must be examined。  
  
It would be inexpedient and wrong therefore to present the economic 
categories successively in the order in which they have played the 
dominant role in history。  On the contrary; their order of succession is 
determined by their mutual relation in modern bourgeois society and this 
is quite the reverse of what appears to be natural to them; or in 
accordance with the sequence of historical development。  The point at 
issue is not the role that various economic relations have played in the 
succession of various social formations appearing in the course of 
history; even less is it their sequence 〃as concepts〃 (Proudhon) (a 
nebulous notion of the historical process); but their position within 
modern bourgeois society。  
 
It is precisely the predominance of agricultural people in the ancient 
world which caused the merchant nations  Phoenicians; Carthaginians  
to develop in such purity (abstract precision) in the ancient world。  
For capital in the shape of merchant or money capital appears in the 
abstract form where capital has not yet become the dominant factor in 
society。  Lombards and Jews occupied the same position with regard to 
mediaeval agrarian societies。  
 
Another example of the various roles which the same categories have 
played at different stages of society are joint…stock companies; one of 
the most recent features of bourgeois society; but they arise also in 
its early period in the form of large privileged commercial companies 
with rights of monopoly。  
 
The concept of national wealth finds its way into the works of the 
economists of the 17th century as the notion that wealth is created for 
the state; whose power; on the other hand; is proportional to this 
wealth  a notion which to some extent still survives even among 18th 
century economists。  This is still an unintentionally hypocritical 
manner in which wealth and the production of wealth are proclaimed to be 
the goal of modern states; and production itself is regarded simply as a 
means for producing wealth。  
 
The disposition of material has evidently to be made in such a way that 
'section' 
 
     One … comprises general abstract definitions; which; therefore; 
           appertain in some measure to all social formations; but in 
           the sense set forth earlier。  
 
     Two … the categories which constitute the internal structure of 
           bourgeois society and on which the principal classes are 
           based。  Town and country。  The three large social classes; 
           exchanges between them。  Circulation。  The (private) credit 
           system。  
 
     Three … the state as the epitome of bourgeois society。  Analysis of 
           its relations to itself。  The 〃unproductive〃 classes。  Taxes。  
           National debt; public credit; Population; Colonies; 
           Emigration。  
 
     Four … international conditions of production。  International 
           division of labor。  International exchange。  Export and 
           import。  Rate of exchange。  
 
     Five … world market and crises。 
 
 
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