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god the known and god the unknown-第3部分

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compound person like the coral polypes 'sic'; or like a tree 

which is composed of a congeries of subordinate persons; 

inasmuch as each bud is a separate and individual plant。  We can 

go farther than this; and; as I shall hope to show; we ought to 

do so; that is to say; we shall find it easier and more agreeable 

with our other ideas to go farther than not; for we should see 

all animal and vegetable life as united by a subtle and till 

lately invisible ramification; so that all living things are one 

tree…like growth; forming a single person。  But we cannot conceive 

of oceans; continents; and air as forming parts of a person at 

all; much less can we think of them as forming one person with 

the living forms that inhabit them。



To ask this of us is like asking us to see the bowl and the water 

in which three gold…fish are swimming as part of the gold…fish。  

We cannot do it any more than we can do something physically 

impossible。  We can see the gold…fish as forming one family; and 

therefore as in a way united to the personality of the parents 

from which they sprang; and therefore as members one of another; 

and therefore as forming a single growth of gold…fish; as boughs 

and buds unite to form a tree; but we cannot by any effort of the 

imagination introduce the bowl and the water into the 

personality; for we have never been accustomed to think of such 

things as living and personal。  Those; therefore; who tell us that 

〃God is everything; and everything is God;〃 require us to see 

〃everything〃 as a person; which we cannot; or God as not a 

person; which again we cannot。



Continuing the article of Mr。  Blunt from which I have already 

quoted; I read :…



〃Linus; in a passage which has been preserved by Stobaeus; 

exactly expresses the notion afterwards adopted by Spinoza: 'One 

sole energy governs all things; all things are unity; and each 

portion is All; for of one integer all things were born; in the 

end of time all things shall again become unity; the unity of 

multiplicity。'  Orpheus; his disciple; taught no other doctrine。〃



According to Pythagoras; 〃an adept in the Orphic philosophy;〃 

〃the soul of the world is the Divine energy which interpenetrates 

every portion of the mass; and the soul of man is an efflux of 

that energy。  The world; too; is an exact impress of the Eternal 

Idea; which is the mind of God。〃  John Scotus Erigena taught that 

〃all is God and God is all。〃  William of Champeaux; again; two 

hundred years later; maintained that 〃all individuality is one in 

substance; and varies only in its non…essential accidents and 

transient properties。〃 Amalric of Bena and David of Dinant 

followed the theory out 〃into a thoroughgoing Pantheism。〃  

Amalric held that 〃All is God and God is all。  The Creator and the 

creature are one Being。  Ideas are at once creative and created; 

subjective and objective。  God is the end of all; and all return 

to Him。  As every variety of humanity forms one manhood; so the 

world contains individual forms of one eternal essence。〃  David 

of Dinant only varied upon this by 〃imagining a corporeal unity。  

Although body; soul; and eternal substance are three; these three 

are one and the same being。〃



Giordano Bruno maintained the world of sense to be 〃a vast animal 

having the Deity for its living。  soul。〃 The inanimate part of the 

world is thus excluded from participation in the Deity; and a 

conception that our minds can embrace is offered us instead of 

one which they cannot entertain; except as in a dream; 

incoherently。  But without such a view of evolution as was 

prevalent at the beginning of this century; it was impossible to 

see 〃the world of sense〃 intelligently; as forming 〃a vast 

animal。〃  Unless; therefore; Giordano Bruno held the opinions of 

Buffon; Dr。  Erasmus Darwin; and Lamarck; with more definiteness 

than I am yet aware of his having done; his contention must be 

considered as a splendid prophecy; but as little more than a 

prophecy。  He continues; 〃Birth is expansion from the one centre 

of Life; life is its continuance; and death is the necessary 

return of the ray to the centre of light。〃 This begins finely; 

but ends mystically。  I have not; however; compared the English 

translation with the original; and must reserve a fuller 

examination of Giordano Bruno's teaching for another opportunity。



Spinoza disbelieved in the world rather than in God。  He was an 

Acosmist; to use Jacobi's expression; rather than an Atheist。  

According to him; 〃the Deity and the Universe are but one 

substance; at the same time both spirit and matter; thought and 

extension; which are the only known attributes of the Deity。〃



My readers will; I think; agree with me that there is very little 

of the above which conveys ideas with the fluency and comfort 

which accompany good words。  Words are like servants: it is not 

enough that we should have them…we must have the most able and 

willing that we can find; and at the smallest wages that will 

content them。  Having got them we must make the best and not the 

worst of them。  Surely; in the greater part of what has been 

quoted above; the words are barren letters only: they do not 

quicken within us and enable us to conceive a thought; such as we 

can in our turn impress upon dead matter; and mould 'sic' that 

matter into another shape than its own; through the thought which 

has become alive within us。  No offspring of ideas has followed 

upon them; or; if any at all; yet in such unwonted shape; and 

with such want of alacrity; that we loathe them as malformations 

and miscarriages of our minds。  Granted that if we examine them 

closely we shall at length find them to embody a little germ of 

truth…that is to say; of coherency with our other ideas; but 

there is too little truth in proportion to the trouble necessary 

to get at it。  We can get more truth; that is to say; more 

coherency…for truth and coherency are one…for less trouble in 

other ways。



But it may be urged that the beginnings of all tasks are 

difficult and unremunerative; and that later developments of 

Pantheism may be more intelligible than the earlier ones。  

Unfortunately; this is not the case。  On continuing Mr。  Blunt's 

article; I find the later Pantheists a hundredfold more 

perplexing than the earlier ones。  With Kant; Schelling; Fichte; 

and Hegel; we feel that we are with men who have been decoyed 

into a hopeless quagmire; we understand nothing of their 

language…we doubt whether they understand themselves; and feel 

that we can do nothing with them but look at them and pass them 

by。



In my next chapter I propose to show the end which the early 

Pantheists were striving after; and the reason and naturalness of 

their error。





                           CHAPTER IV



                          PANTHEISM。  II



The earlier Pantheists were misled by the endeavour 'sic' to lay 

hold of two distinct ideas; the one of which was a reality that 

has since been grasped and is of inestimable value; the other a 

phantom which has misled all who have followed it。  The reality is 

the unity of Life; the oneness of the guiding and animating 

spirit which quickens animals and plants; so that they are all 

the outcome and expression of a common mind; and are in truth one 

animal; the phantom is the endeavour 'sic' to find the origin of 

things; to reach the fountain…head of all energy; and thus to lay 

the foundations on which a philosophy may be constructed which 

none can accuse of being baseless; or of arguing in a circle。



In following as through a thick wood after the phantom our 

forefathers from time to time caught glimpses of the reality; 

which seemed so wonderful as it eluded them; and flitted back 

again into the thickets; that they declared it must be the 

phantom they were in search of; which was thus evidenced as 

actually existing。  Whereon; instead of mastering such of the 

facts they met with as could be captured easily…which facts would 

have betrayed the hiding…places of others; and these again of 

others; and so ad infinitum…they overlooked what was 

within their reach; and followed hotly through brier and brake 

after an imaginary greater prize。



Great thoughts are not to be caught in this way。  They must 

present themselves for capture of their own free will; or be 

taken after a little coyness only。  They are like wealth and 

power; which; if a man is not born to them; are the more likely 

to take him; the more he has restrained himself from an attempt 

to snatch them。  They hanker after those only who have tamed their 

nearer thoughts。  Nevertheless; it is impossible not to feel that 

the early Pantheists were true prophets and seers; though the 

things were unknown to them without which a complete view was 

unattainable。  What does Linus mean; we ask ourselves; when he 

says :… 〃One sole energy governs all things〃 ? How can one sole 

energy govern; we will say; the reader and the chair on which he 

sits? What is meant by an energy governing a chair? If by an 

effort we have made ourselves believe we understand something 

which can be better expressed by these words than by any others; 

no sooner do we turn our backs than the ideas so painfully 

collected fly apart again。  No matter how often we go in search of 

them; and force them into juxtaposition; they prove to have none 

of that innate coherent power with which ideas combine that we 

can hold as true and profitable。



Yet if Linus had confined his statement to living things; and had 

said that one sole energy governed all plants and animals; he 

would have come near both to being intelligible and true。  For if; 

as we now believe; all animals and plants are descended from a 

single cell; they must be considered as cousins to one another; 

and as forming a single tree…like animal; e
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