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god the known and god the unknown-第4部分

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single cell; they must be considered as cousins to one another; 

and as forming a single tree…like animal; every individual plant 

or animal of which is as truly one and the same person with the 

primordial cell as the oak a thousand years old is one and the 

same plant with the acorn out of which it has grown。  This is 

easily understood; but will; I trust; be made to appear simpler 

presently。



When Linus says; 〃All things are unity; and each portion is All; 

for of one integer all things were born;〃 it is impossible for 

plain people…who do not wish to use words unless they mean the 

same things by them as both they and others have been in the 

habit of meaning…to understand what is intended。  How can each 

portion be all? How can one Londoner be all London? I know that 

this; too; can in a way be shown; but the resulting idea is too 

far to fetch; and when fetched does not fit in well enough with 

our other ideas to give it practical and commercial value。  How; 

again; can all things be said to be born of one integer; unless 

the statement is confined to living things; which can alone be 

born at all; and unless a theory of evolution is intended; such 

as Linus would hardly have accepted?



Yet limit the 〃all things〃 to 〃all living things;〃 grant the 

theory of evolution; and explain 〃each portion is All〃 to mean 

that all life is akin; and possesses the same essential 

fundamental characteristics; and it is surprising how nearly 

Linus approaches both to truth and intelligibility。



It may be said that the animate and the inanimate have the same 

fundamental substance; so that a chair might rot and be absorbed 

by grass; which grass might be eaten by a cow; which cow might be 

eaten by a man; and by similar processes the man might become a 

chair; but these facts are not presented to the mind by saying 

that 〃one energy governs all things〃…a chair; we will say; and a 

man; we could only say that one energy governed a man and a 

chair; if the chair were a reasonable living person; who was 

actively and consciously engaged in helping the man to attain a 

certain end; unless; that is to say; we are to depart from all 

usual interpretation of words; in which case we invalidate the 

advantages of language and all the sanctions of morality。



〃All things shall again become unity〃 is intelligible as meaning 

that all things probably have come from a single elementary 

substance; say hydrogen or what not; and that they will return to 

it; but the explanation of unity as being the 〃unity of 

multiplicity〃 puzzles; if there is any meaning it is too 

recondite to be of service to us。



What; again; is meant by saying that 〃the soul of the world is 

the Divine energy which interpenetrates every portion of the 

mass〃 ? The soul of the world is an expression which; to myself; 

and; I should imagine; to most people; is without propriety。  We 

cannot think of the world except as earth; air; and water; in 

this or that state; on and in which there grow plants and 

animals。  What is meant by saying that earth has a soul; and 

lives?  Does it move from place to place erratically? Does it 

feed? Does it reproduce itself? Does it make such noises; or 

commit such vagaries as shall make us say that it feels? Can it 

achieve its ends; and fail of achieving them through mistake? If 

it cannot; how has it a soul more than a dead man has a soul; out 

of whom we say that the soul has departed; and whose body we 

conceive of as returning to dead earth; inasmuch as it is now 

soulless? Is there any unnatural violence which can be done to 

our thoughts by which we can bring the ideas of a soul and of 

water; or of a stone into combination; and keep them there for 

long together?  The ancients; indeed; said they believed their 

rivers to be gods; and carved likenesses of them under the forms 

of men ; but even supposing this to have been their real mind; 

can it by any conceivable means become our own? Granted that a 

stone is kept from falling to dust by an energy which compels its 

particles to cohere; which energy can be taken out of it and 

converted into some other form of energy; granted (which may or 

may not be true) also; that the life of a living body is only the 

energy which keeps the particles which compose it in a certain 

disposition; and granted that the energy of the stone may be 

convertible into the energy of a living form; and that thus; 

after a long journey a tired idea may lag after the sound of such 

words as 〃the soul of the world。〃 Granted all the above; 

nevertheless to speak of the world as having a soul is not 

sufficiently in harmony with our common notions; nor does it go 

sufficiently with the grain of our thoughts to render the 

expression a meaning one; or one that can be now used with any 

propriety or fitness; except by those who do not know their own 

meaninglessness。  Vigorous minds will harbour 'sic' vigorous 

thoughts only; or such as bid fair to become so; and vigorous 

thoughts are always simple; definite; and in harmony with 

everyday ideas。



We can imagine a soul as living in the lowest slime that moves; 

feeds; reproduces itself; remembers; and dies。  The amoeba wants 

things; knows it wants them; alters itself so as to try and alter 

them; thus preparing for an intended modification of outside 

matter by a preliminary modification of itself。  It thrives if 

the modification from within is followed by the desired 

modification in the external object; it knows that it is well; 

and breeds more freely in consequence。  If it cannot get hold of 

outside matter; or cannot proselytise 'sic' that matter and 

persuade it to see things through its own (the amoeba's) 

spectacles…if it cannot convert that matter; if the matter 

persists in disagreeing with it…its spirits droop; its 

soul is disquieted within it; it becomes listless like a 

withering flower…it languishes and dies。  We cannot imagine a 

thing to live at all and yet be soulless except in sleep for a 

short time; and even so not quite soulless。  The idea of a soul; 

or of that unknown something for which the word 〃soul〃 is our 

hieroglyphic; and the idea of living organism; unite so 

spontaneously; and stick together so inseparably; that no matter 

how often we sunder them they will elude our vigilance and come 

together; like true lovers; in spite of us。  Let us not attempt to 

divorce ideas that have so long been wedded together。



I submit; then; that Pantheism; even as explained by those who 

had entered on the outskirts only of its great morass; 

nevertheless holds out so little hope of leading to any 

comfortable conclusion that it will be more reasonable to occupy 

our minds with other matter than to follow Pantheism further。  The 

Pantheists speak of a person without meaning a person; they speak 

of a〃 him〃 and a 〃he〃 without having in their minds the idea of a 

living person with all its inevitable limitations。  Pantheism is; 

therefore; as is said by Mr。  Blunt in another article; 

〃practically nothing else than Atheism; it has no belief in a 

personal deity overruling the affairs of the world; as Divine 

Providence; and is; therefore; Atheistic;〃 and again; 〃Theism 

believes in a spirit superior to matter; and so does Pantheism; 

but the spirit of Theism is self…conscious; and therefore 

personal and of individual existence…a nature per se; and 

upholding all things by an active control; while Pantheism 

believes in spirit that is of a higher nature than brute matter; 

but is a mere unconscious principle of life; impersonal; 

irrational as the brute matter that it quickens。〃



If this verdict concerning Pantheism is true…and from all I can 

gather it is as nearly true as anything can be said to be which 

is predicated of an incoherent idea…the Pantheistic God is an 

attempt to lay hold of a truth which has nevertheless eluded its 

pursuers。



In my next chapter I will consider the commonly received; 

orthodox conception of God; and compare it with the Pantheistic。  

I will show that it; too; is Atheistic; inasmuch as; in spite of 

its professing to give us a conception of God; it raises no ideas 

in our minds of a person or Living Being…and a God who is not 

this is non…existent。  





                            CHAPTER V

         

                         ORTHODOX THEISM

         

We have seen that Pantheism fails to satisfy; inasmuch as it 

requires us to mean something different by the word 〃God〃 from 

what we have been in the habit of meaning。  I have already said…I 

fear; too often…that no conception of God can have any value or 

meaning for us which does not involve his existence as an 

independent Living Person of ineffable wisdom and power; 

vastness; and duration both in the past and for the future。  If 

such a Being as this can be found existing and made evident; 

directly or indirectly; to human senses; there is a God。  If 

otherwise; there is no God; or none; at any rate; so far as we 

can know; none with whom we need concern ourselves。  No conscious 

personality; no God。  An impersonal God is as much a contradiction 

in terms as an impersonal person。



Unfortunately; when we question orthodox theology closely; we 

find that it supposes God to be a person who has no material body 

such as could come within the range of any human sense; and make 

an impression upon it。  He is supposed to be of a spiritual nature 

only; except in so far as one part of his triune personality is; 

according to the Athanasian Creed; 〃perfect man; of a reasonable 

soul and human flesh subsisting。〃



Here; then; we find ourselves in a dilemma。  On the one hand; we 

are involved in the same difficulty as in the case of Pantheism; 

inasmuch as a person without flesh and blood; or something 

analogous; is not a person; we are required; therefore; to 

believe in a perso
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