战争与和平(上)-第271部分

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ns　assert；　over　the　army；　did　nothing　of　all　this。
Far　from　doing　anything　of　the　sort；　he　used　his　power　to　select　out　of　all　the　various　courses　open　to　him　the　stupidest　and　most　pernicious　of　all。　Of　all　the　different　things　Napoleon　might　have　done—spending　the　winter　in　Moscow；　going　to　Petersburg；　going　to　Nizhni…Novgorod；　going　back　a　little　more　to　the　north　or　to　the　south；　by　the　road　Kutuzov　afterwards　took—no　course　one　can　imagine　could　have　been　more　ruinous　for　his　army　（as　the　sequel　proved）　than　the　one　Napoleon　actually　did　adopt；　that　is；　the　course　of　staying　in　Moscow　till　October；　letting　the　troops　plunder　the　town；　then　in　hesitation　leaving　a　garrison　behind；　marching　out　of　Moscow；　going　to　meet　Kutuzov　and　not　giving　battle；　turning　to　the　right　and　going　as　far　as　Maley　Yaroslavets；　again　refusing　to　risk　a　battle；　and　finally　retreating；　not　by　the　road　Kutuzov　had　taken；　but　by　Mozhaisk　and　the　Smolensk　route　through　devastated　country。　Let　the　most　skilful　tacticians；　supposing　that　Napoleon’s　object　was　the　destruction　of　his　army；　try　and　devise　a　series　of　actions　which　could；　apart　from　any　measures　that　might　be　taken　by　the　Russian　forces；　have　ensured　with　such　certainty　the　complete　destruction　of　the　whole　French　army　as　the　course　taken　by　Napoleon。
This　the　genius　Napoleon　did。　But　to　say　that　Napoleon　ruined　his　army　because　he　wanted　to　do　so；　or　because　he　was　very　stupid；　would　be　just　as　unjust　as　to　say　that　Napoleon　got　his　troops　to　Moscow　because　he　wanted　to；　and　because　he　was　very　clever　and　a　great　genius。
In　both　cases　his　personal　activity；　having　no　more　force　than　the　personal　activity　of　every　soldier；　was　merely　coincidental　with　the　laws　by　which　the　event　was　determined。
Quite　falsely　（and　simply　because　the　sequel　did　not　justify　Napoleon’s　actions）　do　historians　represent　Napoleon’s　faculties　as　flagging　at　Moscow。　Just　as　before；　and　afterwards　in　the　year　1813；　he　used　all　his　powers　and　faculties　to　do　the　best　for　himself　and　his　army；　Napoleon’s　activity　at　this　time　was　no　less　marvellous　than　in　Egypt；　in　Italy；　in　Austria；　and　in　Prussia。　We　do　not　know　with　any　certainty　how　real　was　the　genius　of　Napoleon　in　Egypt；　where　forty　centuries　looked　down　upon　his　greatness；　because　all　his　great　exploits　there　are　recounted　to　us　by　none　but　Frenchmen。　We　cannot　judge　with　certainty　of　his　genius　in　Austria　and　Prussia；　as　the　accounts　of　his　doings　there　must　be　drawn　from　French　and　German　sources。　And　the　unaccountable　surrender　of　corps　of　soldiers　without　a　battle；　and　of　fortresses　without　a　siege；　must　dispose　Germans　to　postulate　Napoleon’s　genius　as　the　unique　explanation　of　the　war　as　it　was　waged　in　Germany。　But　we　have；　thank　God；　no　need　to　plead　his　genius　to　cloak　our　shame。　We　have　paid　for　the　right　to　look　facts　simply　and　squarely　in　the　face；　and　that　right　we　will　not　give　up。
His　activity　in　Moscow　was　as　marvellous　and　as　full　of　genius　as　anywhere　else。　Command　upon　command　and　plan　upon　plan　was　continually　being　issued　by　him　from　the　time　he　entered　Moscow　to　the　time　he　left　it。　The　absence　of　the　citizens　and　of　a　deputation；　and　even　the　burning　of　Moscow；　did　not　daunt　him。　He　did　not　lose　sight　of　the　welfare　of　his　army；　nor　of　the　doings　of　the　enemy；　nor　of　the　welfare　of　the　people　of　Russia；　nor　of　the　conduct　of　affairs　at　Paris；　nor　of　diplomatic　negotiations　as　to　the　terms　of　peace。


Chapter　9
ON　THE　MILITARY　SIDE；　immediately　on　entering　Moscow；　Napoleon　gives　General　Sebastiani　strict　orders　to　keep　a　watch　on　the　movements　of　the　Russian　army；　sends　detachments　along　the　various　roads；　and　charges　Murat　to　find　Kutuzov。　Then　he　gives　careful　instructions　for　the　fortification　of　the　Kremlin；　then　he　makes　a　plan　of　the　coming　campaign　over　the　whole　map　of　Russia；　that　was　a　work　of　genius；　indeed。　On　the　diplomatic　side；　Napoleon　summons　to　his　presence　Captain　Yakovlev；　who　had　been　robbed　and　reduced　to　rags　and　did　not　know　how　to　get　out　of　Moscow；　expounds　to　him　minutely　his　whole　policy　and　his　magnanimity；　and　after　writing　a　letter　to　the　Emperor　Alexander；　in　which　he　considers　it　his　duty　to　inform　his　friend　and　brother　that　Rastoptchin　had　performed　his　duties　very　badly　in　Moscow；　he　despatches　Yakovlev　with　it　to　Petersburg。
Expounding　his　views　and　his　magnanimity　with　equal　minuteness　to　Tutolmin；　he　despatches　that　old　man　too　to　Petersburg　to　open　negotiations。
On　the　judicial　side；　orders　were　issued；　immediately　after　the　fires　broke　out；　for　the　guilty　persons　to　be　found　and　executed。　And　the　miscreant　Rastoptchin　was　punished　by　the　order　to　set　fire　to　his　houses。
On　the　administrative　side；　Moscow　was　presented　with　a　constitution。　A　municipal　council　was　instituted；　and　the　following　proclamation　was　issued：—
“CITIZENS　OF　MOSCOW！
“Your　misfortunes　have　been　cruel；　but　his　majesty　the　Emperor　and　King　wishes　to　put　an　end　to　them。　Terrible　examples　have　shown　you　how　he　punishes　crime　and　breach　of　discipline。　Stern　measures　have　been　taken　to　put　an　end　to　disorder　and　to　restore　public　security。　A　paternal　council；　chosen　from　among　yourselves；　will　compose　your　municipality　or　town　council。　It　will　care　for　you；　for　your　needs　and　your　interests。　The　members　of　it　will　be　distinguished　by　a　red　ribbon；　which　they　will　wear　across　the　shoulder；　and　the　mayor　will　wear　a　white　sash　over　it。　But　except　when　discharging　their　duties；　they　will　wear　only　a　red　ribbon　round　the　left　arm。
“The　city　police　are　established　on　their　former　footing；　and　they　are　already　restoring　order。　The　government　has　appointed　two　general　commissioners；　or　superintendents　of　police；　and　twenty　commissioners；　or　police　inspectors；　stationed　in　the　different　quarters　of　the　town。　You　will　recognise　them　by　the　white　ribbon　they　will　wear　round　the　left　arm。　Several　churches　of　various　denominations　have　been　opened；　and　divine　service　is　performed　in　them　without　hindrance。　Your　fellow…citizens　are　returning　every　day　to　their　dwellings；　and　orders　have　been　given　that　they　should　find　in　them　the　aid　and　protection　due　to　misfortune。　These　are　the　measures　which　the　government　has　adopted　to　restore　order　and　alleviate　your　position；　but　to　attain　that　end；　it　is　necessary　that　you　should　unite　your　efforts　with　them；　should　forget；　if　possible；　the　misfortunes　you　have　suffered；　should　look　hopefully　at　a　fate　that　is　not　so　cruel；　should　believe　that　a　shameful　death　inevitably　awaits　those　guilty　of　violence　against　your　persons　or　your　deserted　property；　and　consequently　leaves　no　doubt　that　they　will　be　preserved；　since　such　is　the　will　of　the　greatest　and　most　just　of　monarchs。　Soldiers　and　citizens　of　whatever　nation　you　may　be！　Restore　public　confidence；　the　source　of　the　prosperity　of　a　state；　live　like　brothers；　give　mutual　aid　and　protection　to　one　another；　unite　in　confounding　the　projects　of　the　evil…minded；　obey　the　civil　and　military　authorities；　and　your　tears　will　soon　cease　to　flow。”
On　the　commissariat　side；　Napoleon　issued　orders　for　all　the　troops　to　enter　Moscow　in　turn；　à　la　maraude；　to　gather　supplies　for　themselves；　so　that　in　that　way　the　army　was　provided　with　supplies　for　the　future。
On　the　religious　side；　Napoleon　ordered　the　priests　to　be　brought　back；　and　services　to　be　performed　again　in　the　churches。
With　a　view　to　encouraging　commerce　and　providing　supplies　for　the　troops；　the　following　notice　was　placarded　everywhere：—
“PROCLAMATION。
“You；　peaceable　inhabitants　of　Moscow；　artisans；　and　working　men；　who　have　been　driven　out　of　the　city　by　the　disturbance；　and　you；　scattered　tillers　of　the　soil；　who　are　still　kept　in　the　fields　by　groundless　terror；　hear！　Tranquillity　is　returning　to　this　capital；　and　order　is　being　restored　in　it。　Your　fellow…countrymen　are　coming　boldly　out　of　their　hiding…places；　seeing　that　they　are　treated　with　respect。　Every　act　of　violence　against　them　or　their　property　is　promptly　punished。　His　Majesty　the　Emperor　and　King　protects　them；　and　he　reckons　none　among　you　his　enemies　but　such　as　disobey　his　commands。　He　wishes　to　put　an　end　to　your　trouble；　and　to　bring　you　back　to　your　homes　and　your　families。　Co…operate　with　his　beneficent　designs　and　come　to　us　without　apprehension。　Citizens！　Return　with　confidence　to　your　habitations；　you　will　soon　find　the　means　of　satisfying　your　needs！　Artisans　and　industrious　handicraftsmen！　Return　to　your　employment；　houses；　shops；　and　guards　to　protect　them　are　awaiting　you；　and　you　will　receive　the　payment　due　to　you　for　your　toil！　And　you；　too；　peasants；　come　out　of　the　forests　where　you　have　been　hiding　in　terror；　return　without　fear　to　your　huts　in　secure　reliance　on　finding　protection。　Markets　have　been　established　in　the　city；　where　peasants　can　bring　their　spare　stores　and　country　produce。　The　government　has　taken　the　following　measures　to　secure　freedom　of　sale　for　them：　（1）　From　this　day　forward；　peasants；　husbandmen；　and　inhabitants　of　the　environs　of　Moscow　can；　without　any　danger；　bring　their　goods　of　any　kind　to　two　appointed　markets—namely；　the　Mohovaya　and　the　Ohotny　Ryad。　（2）　Goods　shall　be　bought　from　them　at　such　a　price　as　seller　and　buyer　shall　agree　upon　together；　but　if　the　seller　cannot　get　what　he　asks　for　as　a　fair　price；　he　will　be　at　liberty　to　take　his　goods　back　to　his　village；　and　no　one　can　hinder　his　doing　so　on　any　pretext　whatever。　（3）　Every　Sunday　and　Wednesday　are　fixed　for　weekly　market　days：　to　that　end　a　sufficient　number　of　troops　will　be　stationed　on　Tuesdays　and　Saturdays　along　all　the　high　roads　at　such　a　distance　from　the　town　as　to　protect　the　carts　coming　in。　（4）　Similar　measures　will　be　taken　that　the　peasants　with　their　carts　and　horses　may　meet　with　no　hindrance　on　their　homeward　way。　（5）　Steps　will　be　immediately　taken　to　re…establish　the　ordinary　shops。
“Inhabitants　of　the　city　and　of　the　country；　and　you　workmen　and　handicraftsmen　of　whatever　nationality　you　may　be！　You　are　called　upon　to　carry　out　the　paternal　designs　of　his　majesty　the　Emperor　and　King；　and　to　co…operate　with　him　for　the　public　welfare。　Lay　your　respect　and　confidence　at　his　feet；　and　do　not　delay　to　unite　with　us！”
With　a　view　to　keeping　up　the　spirits　of　the　troops　a