the fellowship of the ring-第2部分

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gh　to　detect　its　presence。　I　much　prefer　history；　true　or　feigned；　withits　varied　applicability　to　the　thought　and　experience　of　readers。　I　thinkthat　many　confuse　'applicability'　with　'allegory'；　but　the　one　resides　in　thefreedom　of　the　reader；　and　the　other　in　the　purposed　domination　of　the　author。　
An　author　cannot　of　course　remain　wholly　unaffected　by　his　experience；　
but　the　ways　in　which　a　story…germ　uses　the　soil　of　experience　are　extremelyplex；　and　attempts　to　define　the　process　are　at　best　guesses　from　evidencethat　is　inadequate　and　ambiguous。　It　is　also　false；　though　naturallyattractive；　when　the　lives　of　an　author　and　critic　have　overlapped；　to　supposethat　the　movements　of　thought　or　the　events　of　times　mon　to　both　werenecessarily　the　most　powerful　influences。　One　has　indeed　personally　to　eunder　the　shadow　of　war　to　feel　fully　its　oppression；　but　as　the　years　go　byit　seems　now　often　forgotten　that　to　be　caught　in　youth　by　1914　was　no　lesshideous　an　experience　than　to　be　involved　in　1939　and　the　following　years。　By1918　all　but　one　of　my　close　friends　were　dead。　Or　to　take　a　less　grievousmatter：　it　has　been　supposed　by　some　that　'The　Scouring　of　the　Shire'　reflectsthe　situation　in　England　at　the　time　when　I　was　finishing　my　tale。　It　doesnot。　It　is　an　essential　part　of　the　plot；　foreseen　from　the　outset；　though　inthe　event　modified　by　the　character　of　Saruman　as　developed　in　the　storywithout；　need　I　say；　any　allegorical　significance　or　contemporary　politicalreference　whatsoever。　It　has　indeed　some　basis　in　experience；　though　slender（for　the　economic　situation　was　entirely　different）；　and　much　further　back。　
The　country　in　which　I　lived　in　childhood　was　being　shabbily　destroyed　before　　
　
I　was　ten；　in　days　when　motor…cars　were　rare　objects　（I　had　never　seen　one）　
and　men　were　still　building　suburban　railways。　Recently　I　saw　in　a　paper　apicture　of　the　last　decrepitude　of　the　once　thriving　corn…mill　beside　its　poolthat　long　ago　seemed　to　me　so　important。　I　never　liked　the　looks　of　the　Youngmiller；　but　his　father；　the　Old　miller；　had　a　black　beard；　and　he　was　notnamed　Sandyman。　
_The　Lord　of　the　Rings_　is　now　issued　in　a　new　edition；　and　theopportunity　has　been　taken　of　revising　it。　A　number　of　errors　andinconsistencies　that　still　remained　in　the　text　have　been　corrected；　and　anattempt　has　been　made　to　provide　information　on　a　few　points　which　attentivereaders　have　raised。　I　have　considered　all　their　ments　and　enquiries；　andif　some　seem　to　have　been　passed　over　that　may　be　because　I　have　failed　tokeep　my　notes　in　order；　but　many　enquiries　could　only　be　answered　byadditional　appendices；　or　indeed　by　the　production　of　an　accessory　volumecontaining　much　of　the　material　that　I　did　not　include　in　the　originaledition；　in　particular　more　detailed　linguistic　information。　In　the　meantimethis　edition　offers　this　Foreword；　an　addition　to　the　Prologue；　some　notes；　
and　an　index　of　the　names　of　persons　and　places。　This　index　is　in　intentionplete　in　items　but　not　in　references；　since　for　the　present　purpose　it　hasbeen　necessary　to　reduce　its　bulk。　A　plete　index；　making　full　use　of　thematerial　prepared　for　me　by　Mrs。　N。　Smith；　belongs　rather　to　the　accessoryvolume。　　
PROLOGUE　　
This　book　is　largely　concerned　with　Hobbits；　and　from　its　pages　a　reader　maydiscover　much　of　their　character　and　a　little　of　their　history。　Furtherinformation　will　also　be　found　in　the　selection　from　the　Red　Book　of　Westmarch　　
that　has　already　been　published；　under　the　title　of　_The　Hobbit_。　That　storywas　derived　from　the　earlier　chapters　of　the　Red　Book；　posed　by　Bilbohimself；　the　first　Hobbit　to　bee　famous　in　the　world　at　large；　and　calledby　him　_There　and　Back　Again；_　since　they　told　of　his　journey　into　the　Eastand　his　return：　an　adventure　which　later　involved　all　the　Hobbits　in　the　greatevents　of　that　Age　that　are　here　related。　
Many；　however；　may　wish　to　know　more　about　this　remarkable　people　fromthe　outset；　while　some　may　not　possess　the　earlier　book。　For　such　readers　afew　notes　on　the　more　important　points　are　here　collected　from　Hobbit…lore；　
and　the　first　adventure　is　briefly　recalled。　　
Hobbits　are　an　unobtrusive　but　very　ancient　people；　more　numerousformerly　than　they　are　today；　for　they　love　peace　and　quiet　and　good　tilledearth：　a　well…ordered　and　well…farmed　countryside　was　their　favourite　haunt。　
They　do　not　and　did　not　understand　or　like　machines　more　plicated　than　aforge…bellows；　a　water…mill；　or　a　hand…loom；　though　they　were　skilful　withtools。　Even　in　ancient　days　they　were；　as　a　rule；　shy　of　'the　Big　Folk'；　asthey　call　us；　and　now　they　avoid　us　with　dismay　and　are　being　hard　to　find。　
They　are　quick　of　hearing　and　sharp…eyed；　and　though　they　are　inclined　to　befat　and　do　not　hurry　unnecessarily；　they　are　nonetheless　nimble　and　deft　intheir　movements。　They　possessed　from　the　first　the　art　of　disappearing　swiftlyand　silently；　when　large　folk　whom　they　do　not　wish　to　meet　e　blunderingby；　and　this　an　they　have　developed　until　to　Men　it　may　seem　magical。　ButHobbits　have　never；　in　fact；　studied　magic　of　any　kind；　and　their　elusivenessis　due　solely　to　a　professional　skill　that　heredity　and　practice；　and　a　closefriendship　with　the　earth；　have　rendered　inimitable　by　bigger　and　clumsierraces。　　
For　they　are　a　little　people；　smaller　than　Dwarves：　less　tout　and　stocky；　
that　is；　even　when　they　are　not　actually　much　shorter。　Their　height　is　　
　
variable；　ranging　between　two　and　four　feet　of　our　measure。　They　seldom　nowreach　three　feet；　but　they　hive　dwindled；　they　say；　and　in　ancient　days　theywere　taller。　According　to　the　Red　Book；　Bandobras　Took　（Bullroarer）；　son　ofIsengrim　the　Second；　was　four　foot　five　and　able　to　ride　a　horse。　He　wassurpassed　in　all　Hobbit　records　only　by　two　famous　characters　of　old；　but　thatcurious　matter　is　dealt　with　in　this　book。　　
As　for　the　Hobbits　of　the　Shire；　with　whom　these　tales　are　concerned；　inthe　days　of　their　peace　and　prosperity　they　were　a　merry　folk。　They　dressed　inbright　colours；　being　notably　fond　of　yellow　and　green；　but　they　seldom　woreshoes；　since　their　feet　had　tough　leathery　soles　and　were　clad　in　a　thickcurling　hair；　much　like　the　hair　of　their　heads；　which　was　monly　brown。　
Thus；　the　only　craft　little　practised　among　them　was　shoe…making；　but　they　hadlong　and　skilful　fingers　and　could　make　many　other　useful　and　ely　things。　
Their　faces　were　as　a　rule　good…natured　rather　than　beautiful；　broad；　bright…　
eyed；　red…cheeked；　with　mouths　apt　to　laughter；　and　to　eating　and　drinking。　
And　laugh　they　did；　and　eat；　and　drink；　often　and　heartily；　being　fond　ofsimple　jests　at　all　times；　and　of　six　meals　a　day　（when　they　could　get　them）。　
They　were　hospitable　and　delighted　in　parties；　and　in　presents；　which　theygave　away　freely　and　eagerly　accepted。　
It　is　plain　indeed　that　in　spite　of　later　estrangement　Hobbits　arerelatives　of　ours：　far　nearer　to　us　than　Elves；　or　even　than　Dwarves。　Of　oldthey　spoke　the　languages　of　Men；　after　their　own　fashion；　and　liked　anddisliked　much　the　same　things　as　Men　did。　But　what　exactly　our　relationship　iscan　no　longer　be　discovered。　The　beginning　of　Hobbits　lies　far　back　in　theElder　Days　that　are　now　lost　and　forgotten。　Only　the　Elves　still　preserve　anyrecords　of　that　vanished　time；　and　their　traditions　are　concerned　almostentirely　with　their　own　history；　in　which　Men　appear　seldom　and　Hobbits　arenot　mentioned　at　all。　Yet　it　is　clear　that　Hobbits　had；　in　fact；　lived　quietlyin　Middle…earth　for　many　long　years　before　other　folk　became　even　aware　ofthem。　And　the　world　being　after　all　full　of　strange　creatures　beyond　count；　
these　little　people　seemed　of　very　little　importance。　But　in　the　days　ofBilbo；　and　of　Frodo　his　heir；　they　suddenly　became；　by　no　wish　of　their　own；　
both　important　and　renowned；　and　troubled　the　counsels　of　the　Wise　and　theGreat。　　
Those　days；　the　Third　Age　of　Middle…earth；　are　now　long　past；　and　theshape　of　all　lands　has　been　changed；　but　the　regions　in　which　Hobbits　thenlived　were　doubtless　the　same　as　those　in　which　they　still　linger：　the　North…　
West　of　the　Old　World；　east　of　the　Sea。　Of　their　original　home　the　Hobbits　inBilbo's　time　preserved　no　knowledge。　A　love　of　learning　（other　thangenealogical　lore）　was　far　from　general　among　them；　but　there　remained　still　afew　in　the　older　families　who　studied　their　own　books；　and　even　gatheredreports　of　old　times　and　distant　lands　from　Elves；　Dwarves；　and　Men。　Their　ownrecords　began　only　after　the　settlement　of　the　Shire；　and　their　most　ancientlegends　hardly　looked　further　back　than　their　Wandering　Days。　It　is　clear；　
nonetheless；　from　these　legends；　and　from　the　evidence　of　their　peculiar　wordsand　customs；　that　like　many　other　folk　Hobbits　had　in　the　distant　past　movedwestward。　Their　earliest　tales　seem　to　glimpse　a　time　when　they　dwelt　in　theupper　vales　of　Anduin；　between　the　eaves　of　Greenwood　the　Great　and　the　MistyMountains。　Why　they　later　undertook　the　hard　and　perilous　crossing　of　themountains　into　Eriador　is　no　longer　certain。　Their　own　accounts　speak　of　themultiplying　of　Men　in　the　land；　and　of　a　shadow　that　fell　on　the　forest；　sothat　it　became　darkened　and　its　new　name　was　Mirkwood。　　
Before　the　crossing　of　the　mountains　the　Hobbits　had　already　beedivided　into　three　somewhat　different　breeds：　Harfoots；　Stoors；　andFallohides。　The　Harfoots　were　browner　of　skin；　smaller；　and　shorter；　and　theywere　beardless　and　bootless；　their　hands　and　feet　were　neat　and　nimble；　andthey　preferred　highlands　and　hillsides。　The　Stoors　were　broader；　heavier　inbuild；　their　feet　and　hands　were　larger；　and　they　preferred　flat　lands　andriversides。　The　Fallohides　were　fairer　of　skin　and　also　of　hair；　and　they　were　　
　
taller　and　slimmer　than　the　others；　they　were　lovers　of　trees　and　ofwoodlands。　　
The　Harfoots　had　much　to　do　with　Dwarves　in　ancient　times；　and　long　livedin　the　foothills　of　the　mountains。　They　moved　westward　early；　and　roamed　overEriador　as　far　as　Weathertop　while　the　others　were　still　in　the　Wilderland。　
They　were　the　most　normal　and　representative　variety　of　Hobbit；　and　far　themost　numerous。　They　were　the　most　inclined　to　settle　in　one　place；　and　longestpreserved　their　ancestral　habit　of　living　in　tunnels　and　holes。　
The　Stoors　lingered　long　by　the　banks　of　the　Great　River　Anduin；　and　wereless　shy　of　Men。　They