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崩溃(Things Fall Apart) (英文版)作者:奇奴阿·阿切比-第1部分

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  奇奴阿·阿切比(Chinua Achebe),尼日利亚小说家、诗人,毁誉不一的文学批评家,刚在上个月被授予布克国际奖(Man Booker International Prize)。作为命运多舛的比拉夫政府外交官,他的主要兴趣范畴包括非洲政治、西方记叙中的非洲和非洲人、前殖民地时代的非洲文化与文明,以及殖民给非洲社会带来的影响。
  1930年,奇奴阿·阿切比出生在具有深厚非洲乡土文学传统的尼日利亚,一个拥有丰富民俗想象和仪式文明的国家。父母皈依新教,他也因此自幼接受了教会英语教育。1953年,阿切比毕业于伊巴丹(Ibadan)大学,专业包括英语、历史及神学。在他加入伊巴丹前后,学校里还出过很多著名的作者和诗人,包括著名的诺贝尔得主握雷·索因卡(Wole Soyinka)、约翰·佩柏·克拉克(John Pepper Clark), 还有克里斯托弗·奥基博(Christopher Okigbo)。
  早在担任英国广播公司(BBC)非洲特派记者期间,阿切比就开始计划并创作他的“尼日利亚四部曲”。在三年内战中,阿切比支持比亚法拉独立运动,这导致他至今仍被敌对部落视为攻击对象。一九八二年开始阿切比流亡美国,并以非洲文学为题讲学于欧美各个大学。虽然成名于早年,但他的晚期作品《希望与困境》(Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays;1990)、《家园和流放》(Home and Exile; 2000)更受到重视,被视为后殖民理论的经典之作。“尼日利亚四部曲”是以黑白文化冲突、本土族群内裂和自然宗教与一神论基督教的对立为主题的系列小说,既充满围炉听古的温热感,也具有激发民族斗志的内在张力。《崩溃》(Things Fall Apart)中的奥孔克沃,一个没落部落中的悲剧英雄的原型,实际上是阿切比这个文化斗士的自我写照。尽管他强调外来英语在民族叙事上的重要性,但对基督教民主总是保持一种抗拒疏离的姿态,他信奉一种称为“祈”(chi)的私神,意指爱与力的结合的传统智慧,认为一种以部落协商为基础的民主政体才是最适合非洲人的生活体制。然而吊诡的是,“祈”是一种最易衍生为“强人政治”的思想元素,这或许意味着阿切比始终苦思于将“祈”转化为一种现代化的“部落社会主义”。
  阿切比的《后殖民主义批评》(Postcolonial Criticism)发表于70年代,是后殖民主义批评史上一篇极有历史文献价值的论著。在这篇文章中,他揭露西方批评家用所谓文学普遍性的观点来包裹自己文学的民族性,排斥其他民族的文学,实质上是一种殖民主义的批评。在《非洲作家和英语语言》(TheAfricanWriterandtheEnglishLanguage)6;以及《一个关于非洲的形象康拉德的〈黑暗的心〉中的种族主义》(An Image of African: Racismin Conrad's Heart of Darkness)文章中,阿切比谴责约瑟夫·康拉德是个“彻头彻尾的种族主义者”,并宣称康拉德的著名小说《黑暗的心》是对非洲人的丑化,把非洲描写成漠视人性的人间屠场,并籍此对西方社会根深蒂固的种族观念进行了尖锐批评。除了对诸如“小说是西方特有的文类,非洲小说不存在”之类的荒谬论调作出回应外,阿切比还从更高的层面审视了后殖民主义批评:“让每个人发挥他们的才能,为世界文化的盛大节日奉献礼物。只有这样,人类才会拥有更加丰富、更加多样的文化精品”。
  坚持述说自己的民族故事,塑造非洲文化灵魂的悲剧人物,以混成式非洲英语书写非洲经验,是阿切比的创作理念。展现非洲的真实性,用西方人理解的语言来再现毋需恐惧的非洲,以民族寓言来沟通文化理解的落差,则是他多年锲而不舍的文学追求。他曾就母语写作之正当性的问题,与尼·瓦·西昂戈(Ngugi Wa Thiong'o)展开过一场引人注目的论战,虽然最终屈居下风,但仍坚持非洲文学绝不能窄化为黑人非洲的文学,而是应该包括使用所有通行语言来写有关非洲事物的作品。这场最终没有结论且共识大于分歧的争论,说明了殖民与解殖这一文化圣战的复杂性与艰难性,同时也证明了边缘文学已跃居英语文学的议题中心。
  将个人作品与民族命运联系起來,通过文学作为民族启蒙的精神载体,帮助族人摆脱殖民统治意识,是阿切比在当今文学史上的独特成就。大陆已出版过他的小说《崩溃》,讲述一个部落英雄步步走向屈辱的死亡过程。主人公奥孔克沃的父亲是个善良而软弱的游手好闲者,一生穷困潦倒债台高筑,在村子里遭人耻笑。奥孔克沃通过辛勤劳作和摔跤,赢得了族人的尊重,也洗刷了父亲的耻辱。他在部落法庭上扮演着仲裁者的角色,面对着部落的衰退,力图保证自己的尊严。然而,在奥孔克沃表现出对“神”和规则的敬畏的同时,他也触犯了“神”和规则,这成为他的命运的转折点。因为不慎误杀同族中人,他被流放异乡七年,回来之后,发现的生活环境和方式发生了很大的变化,传统文化模式不再适合,古老的法则不再适用。在这样的背景下,奥孔克沃没有对自己过去的社会经验进行反思,对自己的社会认知进行一次重组,寻找应付新世的新策略,而是与选择与新世界作堂·吉诃德式的战斗。最终的结局是,为了维护“神”和自己的骄傲、拒绝白人的进入,奥孔克沃屈辱地将自己吊死在棕榈树上。
  这是一个无法逃脱的宿命的力量,驱动奥孔克沃行为的情感核心与其说是对部落价值观的忠诚,毋宁说是出于对重蹈父亲覆辙的恐惧。在荒凉贫瘠的非洲大陆上,懒散与软弱意味着抗拒劳作,是与原始生存法则相抗的极大罪恶。由此可见,虽然悲剧肇始于内因,肇始于人的暴怒、内心的恐惧与骄傲,只是由不可抗的外力补上最后一击,才使得命运分崩离析,但构成命运的力量恰恰是种种历史的积存,种种历史的、社会的与政治的逻辑。
  阿切比的文笔圆熟光洁,更令人叹服的是他出神入化的叙事结构和脉络,将小说构造成了一座精美的神殿。然而在神殿之中,我们遭遇到的却是被神的光辉细心遮蔽的耻辱,以及非洲民族在面对西方现代文明时接踵而至的苦难。
  THINGS FALL APART
  By Chinua Achebe
  Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things Fall Apart ; the center cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world。
  —W。 B。 Yeats; 〃The Second ing〃
  CHAPTER ONE
  Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond。 His fame rested on solid personal achievements。 As a young man of eighteen he had brought honor to his village by throwing Amalinze the Cat。 Amalinze was the great wrestler who for seven years was unbeaten; from Umuofia to Mbaino。 He was called the Cat because his back would never touch the earth。 It was this man that Okonkwo threw in a fight which the old men agreed was one of the fiercest since the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the wild for seven days and seven nights。
  The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held their breath。 Amalinze was a wily craftsman; but Okonkwo was as slippery as a fish in water。 Every nerve and every muscle stood out on their arms; on their backs and their thighs; and one almost heard them stretching to breaking point。 In the end Okonkwo threw the Cat。
  That was many years ago; twenty years or more; and during this time Okonkwo's fame had grown like a bush…fire in the harmattan。 He was tall and huge; and his bushy eyebrows and wide nose gave him a very severe look。 He breathed heavily; and it was said that; when he slept; his wives and children in their houses could hear him breathe。 When he walked; his heels hardly touched the ground and he seemed to walk on springs; as if he was going to pounce on somebody。 And he did pounce on people quite often。 He had a slight stammer and whenever he was angry and could not get his words out quickly enough; he would use his fists。 He had no patience with unsuccessful men。 He had had no patience with his father。
  Unoka; for that was his father's name; had died ten years ago。 In his day he was lazy and improvident and was quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow。 If any money came his way; and it seldom did; he immediately bought gourds of palm…wine; called round his neighbors and made merry。 He always said that whenever he saw a dead man's mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one's lifetime。 Unoka was; of course; a debtor; and he owed every neighbor some money; from a few cowries to quite substantial amounts。
  He was tall but very thin and had a slight stoop。 He wore a haggard and mournful look except when he was drinking or playing on his flute。 He was very good on his flute; and his happiest moments were the two or three moons after the harvest when the village musicians brought down their instruments; hung above the fireplace。 Unoka would play with them; his face beaming with blessedness and peace。 Sometimes another village would ask Unoka's band and their dancing egwugwu to e and stay with them and teach them their tunes。 They would go to such hosts for as long as three or four markets; making music and feasting。 Unoka loved the good hire and the good fellowship; and he loved this season of the year; when the rains had stopped and the sun rose every morning with dazzling beauty。 And it was not too hot either; because the cold and dry harmattan wind was blowing down Irom the north。 Some years the harmattan was very severe and a dense haze hung on the atmosphere。 Old men and children would then sit round log fires; warming their bodies。 Unoka loved it all; and he loved the first kites that returned with the dry season; and the children who sang songs of wele to them。 He would remember his own childhood; how he had often wandered around looking for a kite sailing leisurely against the blue sky。 As soon as he found one he would sing with his whole being; weling it back from its long; long journey; and asking it if it had brought home any lengths of cloth。
  That was years ago; when he was young。 Unoka; the grown…up; was a failure。 He was poor and his wife and children had barely enough to eat。 People laughed at him because he was a loafer; and they swore never to lend him any more money because he never paid back。 But Unoka was such a man that he always succeeded in borrowing more; and piling up his debts。
  One day a neighbor called Okoye came in to see him。 He was reclining on a mud bed in his hut playing on the flute。 He immediately rose and shook hands with Okoye; who then unrolled the goatskin which he carried under his arm; and sat down。 Unoka went into an inner room and soon returned with a small wooden disc containing a kola nut; some alligator pepper and a lump of white chalk。
  〃I have kola;〃 he announced when he sat down; and passed the disc over to his guest。
  〃Thank you。 He who brings kola brings life。 But I think you ought to break it;〃 replied Okoye; passing back the disc。
  〃No; it is for you; I think;〃 and they argued like this for a few moments before Unoka accepted the honor of breaking the kola。 Okoye; meanwhile; took the lump of chalk; drew some lines on the floor; and then painted his big toe。
  As he broke the kola; Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health; and for protection against their enemies。 When they had eaten they talked about many things: about the heavy rains which were drowning the yams; about the next ancestral feast and about the impending war with the village of Mbaino。 Unoka was never happy when it came to wars。 He was in fact a coward and could not bear the sight of blood。 And so he changed the subject and talked about music; and his face beamed。 He could hear in his mind's ear the blood…stirring and intricate rhythms of the ekwe and the udu and the ogene; and he could hea
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