实用英语写作技巧-第11部分

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or　take　subways　to　get　to　work．The　people　in　Shanghai　use　fans　to　keep　cool，where　as　the　people　in　New　York　use
air…conditioning．

Both　Shanghai　and　New　York　are　cities　of　great　wealth　and　poverty．In　both　cities，there　is　a　great　deal　of　beauty　and
a　great　deal　of　ugliness．Many　people　in　Shanghai　are　as　kind　and　helpful　as　those　in　New　York．Conversely，some　people　in　Shanghai　are　as
dangerous　as　those　in　New　York．In　both　cities，there　are　people　who　work　all　day　and　people　who　work　all　night．Both　cities　are　never　asleep．

To　some　visitors，both　Shanghai　and　New　York　are　a　paradise　and　a　jungle．

24．2　Analysis　of　the　Model　Essay（范文分析）

From　the　above　point…to…point　essay，we　can　see　that　the　similarities　and　differences　of　Shanghai　and　New
York　are　as　follows：

①Differences：

a．population（homogeneous　S

（heterogeneous　NY

b．language　（Chinese　S

（English　NY

C．cost　of
living（low　S

（high　NY

d．transportation（buses　and　bikes　S

（cars　and　subways　NY

e．cooling
appliances（fans　S

（air…conditioning　NY

②Similarities：

a．both　are　most
densely　populated

b．both　are
cities　of　great　wealth　and　poverty

c．both　are
beautiful　and　ugly

d．both　have
kind　and　helpful　people　and　dangerous　people

e．both　are
never　asleep

通过以上比较和对照法的结合使用，作者巧妙地将与主题有关的五个异同点联系在一起，交替进行逐点比较、对照，这使得读者从始至终能够把握比较与对照的线索。而且，作者又在比较与对照的结构上灵活地安排了次序，使对比既鲜明突出，又富有变化；作者还通过不同的连接手段，如并列连词“and，both，as…as”，与转折连词“but，instead，while，whereas，in　parision　with”等，使得比较与对照自然流畅，前后连贯。

Writing　Assignment　for
Unit　24

Directions：Write　a　3…paragraph　essay　about　the　similarities　and　differences
between　Tom　and　Jack　by　using　the　outline　given　below．Don't　forget　to　use　some　of　the
parative　and　Contrastive　words　or　phrases　given　in　Unit　35．

Tom　and　Jack　are　twin　brothers．They　are　similar　in　some　ways；but　the　ways　they　spend　their　own　freetime，make　decisions　and　deal　with
problems　are　very　different．

Similarities：1）appearance

2）eating　habits

3）study

Differences：1）ways　of
spending　free　time

2）ways　of
making　decisions

3）ways　of
dealing　with　problems

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第二十五单元　如何用定义与分类法推展篇章

　　

25．1　Definition　and　Classification（定义与分类）

A　writer　often　employs　more　than　one　method　of　development　in　an
essay．In　order　to
make　it　easier　or　clearer　for　the　reader，the　author　may，for　instance，decide　to　classify　objects，events　or　terms　by　retaining　a　few　classes　rather　than　many　specific
items．Additionally，he　may　need　to　define　the　lables　he
uses　in　classifying　the　subject，especially　if　the　lables　are　not　widely　known　or　are　abstract．

在进行定义或分类写作时需注意：1）在进行诠释（定义）时，一定要具体、确切；2）分类时要周密，标准必须对应划一，不能交错重叠。

Model　Essay　25…1

Nowadays，more　and　more　people　have　books　in　their　homes，but　few　of　them　really　‘own’the　books．In　Professor　Adler's　opinion，there　are　three　kinds　of　book　owners．The　first　kind　of　owners　have　all　the　standard　sets　and
best…sellers…books　that　are　sold　in　very　large　numbers—unread，untouched．（These　owner　sown　only　wood　pulp
and　ink，not　books．）

Another　kind　of　book　owners　have　a　great　many　books—a　few　of　them　read　through，most　of　them　dipped　into，that　is，most　ofthe　books　are　only　read　or
studied　for　a　short　time　or　without　much　attention；but　all　of　them　as　clean　and　shiny
as　the　day　they　were　bought．（These　persons　would　probably　like　to　make　books　their　own，but　are　restrained　by　a　false
respect　for　their　physical　appearance．）

The　final　kind　of　book　owners，however，have　a　few　books　or　many，every　one　of　them　do　geared（having　the　corners　of　the　pages　bent　down　with　use，like　a　dog's　ears）　and　dilapidated（broken　and　old，falling　to　pieces），shaken　and　loosened　by　continual
use，marked　and
scribbled　in　from　front　to　back．（These　men　really　own　books．）

Do　you　agree　with　Pr　of．Adler？

25．2　Analysis　of　the　Model　Essay（范文分析）

In　the　above　model　essay，according　to　the　writer，book　owners　can　be　divided　into　three　kinds．They　are　as　follows：

1）Owners　with
all　standard　sets　and　best…sellers—unread，untouched；

2）Owners　with　a
great　many　books，a　few　of　them
read　through，most　off　them
dipped　into；

3）Owners　with　a
few　books　or　many，every　one　of
them　do　geared，dilapidated，shaken　and　loosened…

根据范例所示，我们得知作者将有书的人划为三类，其分类根据是划一的，分出的三类book　owners互相排除，没有重叠。作者还通过使用“the　first　kind…another　kind…the　final　kind…”等这些转换词语，有机地围绕主题“There　are　three　kinds　of　book　owners”，介绍了三种不同类型的“owners”。此外，作者还将一些读者不知或概念不清的词、词组，如“bestsellers”，“dipped　into”，“do　geared”，“dilapidated”等下了定义，这便达到了使读者完全领会其意的目的。

Writing　Assignment　for
Unit　25

Directions：Write　a　3…paragraph　essay　according　to　the　given　information　below
about　“Kinds　of
Library　Materials　Found　in　Most　Good　Libraries”by　using　the　techniques　taught　in　this　unit．Do　remember　to　define　some　of　the
unknown　words．

1）books（on　all　subjects，in　different　languages，organized　in　the　card　catalog，which　can　be　checked　out　and
borrowed　for　a　month）

2）reference
works（including
encyclopedias，dictionaries，bibliographies，atlases，which　can　only　be　used　in　the
library　itself）

3）periodcals（including　magazines，newspapers，pamphlets，which　cannot　be　removed　from　the
library）

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第二十六单元　如何用过程分析法推展篇章

　　

26．1　Process（过程法）

Process　descripton　is　similar　to　the　procedures　followed　in
conducting　a　scientific　experiment．It　describes　definite　steps　in　a　logical　order．

In　this　unit，you　will　be　asked　to　write　a　process　essay—one　that　explains　clearly　how　to　do
or　make　something．

In　almost　all　the　essays　we　have　discussed，the　topic　sentence　has　appeared　at
or　near　the　beginning　of　the　first　paragraph．In　a　well　constructed　process　description，the　topic　sentence　establishes　the
context　of　the　process　developed　in　succceeding　sentences　and　paragraphs．Notice　that　in　the　following　model
essay　the　process　of　making　a　plaint　is　divided　into　three　major　steps．

Model　Essay　26…1

　　

How　to　Make　a　plaint

　　

Have　you　ever　experienced　the　unpleasant　situations　of　being　a
victimized　consumer？I　think　most　of　you　have．In　self…defense，I　have　developed　the　following　consumer's　guide　to　plaining
effectively．

The　first　step　is　getting　organized．I　save　all　sales　slips　and　original　boxes　so　that　whenever　I
plain，　I　would　know
the　dateof　the　purchase，the　correct　price，and　the　place　where　the　item　was　purchased．Then　I　pose　my　letter　of
plaint．The　next　step
is　to　send　the　plaint　to　the　person　who　will　get　results　quickly．Usually，I　write　directly　to　the　president
of　a　pany　and　I　always　get　prompt　action．Finally，if　I　get　no　response　to　a　written　plaint　within　ten　days，I　follow　through　with　a　personal
telephone　call．

Therefore，my　advice　to　you　is　to　keep　accurate　records，and　when　you　have　to　plain，go　right　to　the　top．It　has　always　worked　for　me．

26．2　Analysis　of　the　Model　Essay（范文分析）

A　more　visual　representation　of　the　model　essay　process　development
would　be　like　this：

1）Topic　introducer：I　have　developed　the　following　consumer's　guide　to　plaining
effectively．

2）Process　steps：a．Keep　accurate
records

b．When
plaining，go　right　to
the　top

c．following　up
with　further　action

3）Conclusion：Therefore，my　advice　to　you　is　to……

26．3　Advice　on　How　to　Write　a　Process　Essay

1）State　your　topic　in　a　single　clear　sentence．

For　instance，“Knowing　how　to　prepare　for　an　important　exam　can　lead　you　to　success”or　“Growing　your　own　vegetables　is　easier　than　you　might　think”．

2）First　make　a　list　of　all　the　steps　you　are　describing．

　

Take“How　to　Make　a
plaint”for　example：

write　letter　of　plaint

follow　through　with　a　telephone　call　if　no　response

save　sales　slips　and　original　boxes

send　plaint　letter　directly　to　president

3）Then　number　your　items　in　time　order　or　logical　order．

①save　sales　slips　and　original　boxes

②　write　letter　of　plaint

③send　plaint　letter　directly　to
president

④follow　through　with　telephone　call
if　no　response

4）Group　the　item　into　a　minimum　of　three　steps．

For　example，you　might　divide　the　process　into①getting　organized；②sending　the　plaint　to　president；③following　up　with　further　action．

5）Be　sure　to　use　transitions，such　as，“first，next，also，then，after，now，during，and　finally”so　that　your　essay　moves　smoothly
and　clearly　from　one　step　in　the　process　to　the　next．

Writing　Assignment　for
Unit　26

Directions：Write　a　3…paragraph　essay　on　the　topic　“How　to　Prepare　for　an　Important
Exam”in　no　less
than　100　words．

Remember　to　write　clearly．

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第二十七单元　如何用因果法推展篇章

　　

27。1　Cause　and　Effect（因果法）

The　stating　of　facts　and　the　giving　of　reasons　to　explain　why　and
how　the　facts　came　about　is　the　basic　procedure　in　essay　development　by　cause
and　effect．The　technique
of　cause　and　effect　has　great　flexibility，for　the　relationships　bet