实用英语写作技巧-第12部分

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and　effect．The　technique
of　cause　and　effect　has　great　flexibility，for　the　relationships　between　causes　and　effects　are　not　always　as
clear　cut　as　the　two　terms　seem　to　suggest．Causes　may　not　all　carry　the　same　weight，for　example．Several　contributing　causes　may　be
grounded　together　to　form　one　important　cause．There　may　be　one　effect　to　a　cause，or　there　may　be　many．Effects　may　be　less　important　than　causes，and　so　on．So　you　have　to　be　very　careful　in
dealing　with　cause　and　effect．

Model　Essay　27…1

As　it　is　known　to　everyone，languages　are　constantly　changing　nowadays．There　are　many　reasons　why
languages　change，but　the
following　three　major　causes　may　help　illustrate　the　concept．Initially，various　languages　that　started　from
the　same　parent　developed　their　own　uniqueness　after　groups　of　speakers　drifted
away　from　one　another　to　establish　isolated，independent　munities．

Another　major　cause　of　language　change　is　the　influence　of　and
interaction　with　foreign　cultures，often　as　a　result　of　militaryconquest．A　continuing　cause　for　change　is　rapidly　expanding　technology　and
new　systems　of　munication　that　bring　all　cultures　and　languages　into　closer
contact，with
borrowing　between　language　a　mon　phenomenon　in　the　contemporary　world．

New　established　munities，the　influence　of　and　interaction　with　foreign　cultures，the　rapid　development　of　technology
and　new　systems　of　munication　contribute　to　language　change．So　we　may　say　all　languages　change
as　the　experiences　of　their　speakers　change．

27。2　Analysis　of　the　Model
Essay（范文分析）

The　three　causes　of　language　change　mentioned　in　the　above　model
essay　can　be　outlined　as　follows：

effect：Languages　are　changing　constantly．

cause：a．newly　established　munities

b．the　influence
of　and　interaction　with　foreign　cultures

c．the　rapid
development　of　technology　and　new　systems　of　munication

本文作者首先点出主题思想：Languages　are　contantly
changing（表明结果），接着列举了导致发生变化的三大原因，并举例加以说明，使读者对文中的因果关系一清二楚（此篇文章着重强调了语言发展变化的原因）。此外，文中所用的一些转换词语使文章有了明显的连贯性。作者通过“initially…another　major　cause　is…a　continuing　cause　for　change　is…”这一灵活多变的转换句式巧妙地引出了语言变化的三大原因。因此，文章读起来既连贯一致，又具有较强的说服力。

Writing　Assignment　1

Directions：Write　a　3…paragraph　essay　by　using　the　cause…effect　technique　to
illustrate　why　football　is　being　more　and　more　popular　in　recent　years．The　title　and　the　given　information
will　be　of　help．

1）It　is　played
world　wide；

2）It　is　an
exciting　game—both　for
players　and　viewers；

3）There　are
many　football　fans　throughout　the　world．

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Writing　Assignment　2

Directions：Write　a　3…paragraph　essay　by　using　the　cause…effect　technique　to
illustrate　the　causes　of　global　warming．Your　position　should　be　no　less　than　100　words．Base　your　ideas　on　the　given
outline　below．

Recently　there　has　been　an　increase　in　the　amount　of　CO2　in　the
atmosphere，which，in　turn，causes　global　warming．

1）increased
power　generation　using　coal　or　oil；

2）increasing
numbers　of　gasoline　engines…cars，trucks，etc．；

3）growth　of
industrial　production；

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第二十八单元　情景作文Situational　position

　　

According　to　the　syllabus　and　the　practice　up　till　now，CET—4position　usually　has　the　following　five　types：situational　position（情景作文），key　words　position（关键词作文），topic　sentence　position（主题句作文），title…given　position（给出题目作文）　and　writing　a　position
according　to　tables　and　graphs（图表作文）．

The　examinees　are　required　to　follow　the　directions　and　develop　the
position　into　three　paragraphs　to　form　an　essay　of　no　less　than　100　words　in
30　minutes．The　essay
should　be　clear，coherent　and
grammatically　correct．Therefore，from　this　unit　on，we　are　going　to　introduce　the　above　five　types　of　positions
respectively．

28．1　Situational　position

In　recent　years，situational　position　has　been　frequently　used　in　CET—4．This　kind　of　writing　requires　students　to　write　according　to　the
given　situation（sometimes　in
Chinese，sometimes　in
English）；its
characteristic　is　that　the　main　idea　and　information　are　all　contained　in　the
given　situation．

Sample　Test　Item

Directions：For　this　part，you　are　allowed　30　minutes　to　write　a　three…paragraph　position　on
the　topic“My　Favourite
Programme”．You　should
write　no　less　than　100　word　sand　yon　should　base　your　position　on　the
outline（Given　in
Chinese）below．

1）我最喜爱的电视（或无线电）节目是……

2）这类节目的内容和特点；

3）我喜欢它的原因。

28．2　Analysis　and　Advice　on　the　Writing

1）Read　the　directions　carefully　and　make　sure　you　understand　them
clearly，and　try　to　understand　everything
that　you　are　required　to　do；

2）Examine　the　given　situation　of　each　paragraph，then　pick　out　the　key　words；

e．g．The　key　words　of　the　above　sample
are：

①最喜爱的节目②内容，特点③原因

3）Find　out　the　relationship　between　the　title　and　each　paragraph；

In　the　first　paragraph，you　write　what　your　favourite　programme　is；and　in　the　second　paragraph，you　have　to　describe　the　contents
and　characteristic　of　your　chosen　programme；In　the　end，yon　write　why　yon　like　this　particular　programme．

4）You　must　produce　the　topic　sentence　of　each　paragraph．

e．g．

①My　most　favourite　programme　is……

②The　programme　is　interesting　as
well　as；instructive．

③The　reason　why　I　like　it　is　that……

Model　Essay　28…1

Nowadays　radio　and　TV　play　a　more　and　more　important　role　in　our
daily　lives．There　are
many　programmes　shown　every　day．Some　of　them　are　very　good．My　most　favourite　programme　is“The　Animal　World”，which　is　shown　on　television　every　Sunday　night．

The　programme　is　interesting　as　well　as　instructive．It　providesus　with　natural　scenes
of　the　lives　of　all　kinds　of　wild　animals　together　with　the　vivid　explanations
of　the　narrator．Besides，the　pictures　are　very　beautiful　and
some　of　them　are　also　very　valuable．They　contain　much　information　not　only　about　animals，but　also　about　plants．

The　reason　why　I　like　this　programme　is　that，being　born　and　bred　in　the　city，I　have　not　seen　any　wild　animals，and　the　programme　pensates　for
this．In　addition，it　provides　me　with　rich　knowledge
about　nature　and　the　animal　world．

Believe　it　or　not，it　is　really　a　great　joy　to　watch　it．

Writing　Assignment　for
Unit　28

Directions：For　this　part，you　are　allowed　30　minutes　to　write　a　position　on　the　topic“Why　Do　More　And　More　Women　Go　In
For　Sports　Nowadays？”You　should　write　no　less　than　100　words　and　you　should　base　your
position　on　the　outline（Given　in　Chinese）below．

1）妇女开始参加越来越多的体育运动；

2）过去妇女不能参加体育运动的原因；

3）为什么会有越来越多的妇女参加。

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第二十九单元　主题句作文Topic　Sentence　position

　　

29．1　Introduction

This　is　the　most　mon　position　practised　in　CET…4．Usually　the　title　and　the　topic
sentences　of　each　paragraph　are　given．You　are　required　to　write　exactly　according　to　the　title．You　must　use　the　given　topic
sentences．

Sample　Test　Item：

Directions：For　this　part，you　are　allowed　30　minutes　to　write　a　position　about“Television　”in　three　paragraphs．

You　are　given　the　first　sentence　of　each　paragraph　an　dare　required
to　develop　the　idea　in　pleting　the　paragraph．Your　position　should　be　about　100words，not　including　the　words　given．　Remember　to　write　clearly．

　　

Television

　　

1）Television
presents　a　vivid　world　in　front　of　us．

2）Television
can　also　play　an　educational　role　in　our　daily　life．

3）However，television　can　also　be　harmful．

29．2　Analysis　and　Advice　on　How　to　Deal　with　the　Essay

1）Read　the　directions　carefully，and　make　sure
that　you　understand　the　requirements；

2）Find　out　the　relationship　between　the　title　and　the　topic　sentences．

From　the　above　analysis，we　know　that　we　may　use　the　technique　of　examples　to　illustrate　the
advantages　and　disadvantages　of　television　in　our　daily　life．

3）Thoroughly　examine　the　topic　sentences，then　pick　out　keywords　in　each　topic　sentence；

e．g．The　key　words　of　each　topic
sentence　in　the　above　writing　are：“vivid　world”，“educational　role　in　daily　life”，“harmful”．

4）Find　out　the　relationships　between　the　topic　sentences；

From　the　given　topic　sentences，we　can　see　that　the　second　topic　sentence　is　a　further　development
of　the　first　one．The
transitional　word“also”shows　that　the　two　topic　sentences
are　parellel．So　we　have　to
write　the　advantages　of　television　in　the　first　two　paragraphs—in　the　first　paragraph，write“vivid　world”，while　in　the　second，“educational　role”；In　the　third　topic　sentence，the　transitional　word　“However”changes　the　point　of　view　from　positive“vivid”，“educational”to　negative“harmful”．Thus，we　should
write　the　disadvantages　of　television　in　the　paragraph．

Model　Essay　29…1

　　

Television

　　

Television　presents　a　vivid　world　in　front　of　us．On　television，we　can　watch　exciting　football
matches　or　Olympic　marathons．We　can“travel”to　New　York　to　visit　its　famous
monuments　and　museums　or　to　London　to　attend　the　royal　wedding．We　can　also“go”to　a　concert　with　a　cup　of　coffee　in　one　hand．　With　a　TV　set，we　can　take　part　in　many　events
without　leaving　the　house．

Television　can　also　play　an　educati