ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
ºÏ×âС˵Íø ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

orthodoxy-µÚ10²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡





when¡¡I¡¡came¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡her£»¡¡had¡¡in¡¡her¡¡all¡¡that¡¡was¡¡true¡¡either¡¡in



Tolstoy¡¡or¡¡Nietzsche£»¡¡all¡¡that¡¡was¡¡even¡¡tolerable¡¡in¡¡either¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡



I¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡noble¡¡in¡¡Tolstoy£»¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡¡in¡¡plain



things£»¡¡especially¡¡in¡¡plain¡¡pity£»¡¡the¡¡actualities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth£»



the¡¡reverence¡¡for¡¡the¡¡poor£»¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bowed¡¡back¡£¡¡



Joan¡¡of¡¡Arc¡¡had¡¡all¡¡that¡¡and¡¡with¡¡this¡¡great¡¡addition£»¡¡that¡¡she



endured¡¡poverty¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡admiring¡¡it£»¡¡whereas¡¡Tolstoy¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a



typical¡¡aristocrat¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡find¡¡out¡¡its¡¡secret¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡then¡¡I¡¡thought



of¡¡all¡¡that¡¡was¡¡brave¡¡and¡¡proud¡¡and¡¡pathetic¡¡in¡¡poor¡¡Nietzsche£»



and¡¡his¡¡mutiny¡¡against¡¡the¡¡emptiness¡¡and¡¡timidity¡¡of¡¡our¡¡time¡£¡¡



I¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡his¡¡cry¡¡for¡¡the¡¡ecstatic¡¡equilibrium¡¡of¡¡danger£»¡¡his¡¡hunger



for¡¡the¡¡rush¡¡of¡¡great¡¡horses£»¡¡his¡¡cry¡¡to¡¡arms¡£¡¡¡¡Well£»¡¡Joan¡¡of¡¡Arc



had¡¡all¡¡that£»¡¡and¡¡again¡¡with¡¡this¡¡difference£»¡¡that¡¡she¡¡did¡¡not



praise¡¡fighting£»¡¡but¡¡fought¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡KNOW¡¡that¡¡she¡¡was¡¡not¡¡afraid



of¡¡an¡¡army£»¡¡while¡¡Nietzsche£»¡¡for¡¡all¡¡we¡¡know£»¡¡was¡¡afraid¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cow¡£¡¡



Tolstoy¡¡only¡¡praised¡¡the¡¡peasant£»¡¡she¡¡was¡¡the¡¡peasant¡£¡¡¡¡Nietzsche¡¡only



praised¡¡the¡¡warrior£»¡¡she¡¡was¡¡the¡¡warrior¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡beat¡¡them¡¡both¡¡at



their¡¡own¡¡antagonistic¡¡ideals£»¡¡she¡¡was¡¡more¡¡gentle¡¡than¡¡the¡¡one£»



more¡¡violent¡¡than¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡she¡¡was¡¡a¡¡perfectly¡¡practical¡¡person



who¡¡did¡¡something£»¡¡while¡¡they¡¡are¡¡wild¡¡speculators¡¡who¡¡do¡¡nothing¡£¡¡



It¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡that¡¡the¡¡thought¡¡should¡¡not¡¡cross¡¡my¡¡mind¡¡that¡¡she



and¡¡her¡¡faith¡¡had¡¡perhaps¡¡some¡¡secret¡¡of¡¡moral¡¡unity¡¡and¡¡utility



that¡¡has¡¡been¡¡lost¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡with¡¡that¡¡thought¡¡came¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡one£»



and¡¡the¡¡colossal¡¡figure¡¡of¡¡her¡¡Master¡¡had¡¡also¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡theatre



of¡¡my¡¡thoughts¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡same¡¡modern¡¡difficulty¡¡which¡¡darkened¡¡the



subject¡­matter¡¡of¡¡Anatole¡¡France¡¡also¡¡darkened¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Ernest¡¡Renan¡£¡¡



Renan¡¡also¡¡divided¡¡his¡¡hero's¡¡pity¡¡from¡¡his¡¡hero's¡¡pugnacity¡£¡¡



Renan¡¡even¡¡represented¡¡the¡¡righteous¡¡anger¡¡at¡¡Jerusalem¡¡as¡¡a¡¡mere



nervous¡¡breakdown¡¡after¡¡the¡¡idyllic¡¡expectations¡¡of¡¡Galilee¡£¡¡



As¡¡if¡¡there¡¡were¡¡any¡¡inconsistency¡¡between¡¡having¡¡a¡¡love¡¡for



humanity¡¡and¡¡having¡¡a¡¡hatred¡¡for¡¡inhumanity£¡¡¡¡¡Altruists£»¡¡with¡¡thin£»



weak¡¡voices£»¡¡denounce¡¡Christ¡¡as¡¡an¡¡egoist¡£¡¡¡¡Egoists¡¡£¨with



even¡¡thinner¡¡and¡¡weaker¡¡voices£©¡¡denounce¡¡Him¡¡as¡¡an¡¡altruist¡£¡¡



In¡¡our¡¡present¡¡atmosphere¡¡such¡¡cavils¡¡are¡¡comprehensible¡¡enough¡£¡¡



The¡¡love¡¡of¡¡a¡¡hero¡¡is¡¡more¡¡terrible¡¡than¡¡the¡¡hatred¡¡of¡¡a¡¡tyrant¡£¡¡



The¡¡hatred¡¡of¡¡a¡¡hero¡¡is¡¡more¡¡generous¡¡than¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡a¡¡philanthropist¡£¡¡



There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡huge¡¡and¡¡heroic¡¡sanity¡¡of¡¡which¡¡moderns¡¡can¡¡only¡¡collect



the¡¡fragments¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡giant¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡we¡¡see¡¡only¡¡the¡¡lopped



arms¡¡and¡¡legs¡¡walking¡¡about¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡have¡¡torn¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡of¡¡Christ



into¡¡silly¡¡strips£»¡¡labelled¡¡egoism¡¡and¡¡altruism£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are



equally¡¡puzzled¡¡by¡¡His¡¡insane¡¡magnificence¡¡and¡¡His¡¡insane¡¡meekness¡£¡¡



They¡¡have¡¡parted¡¡His¡¡garments¡¡among¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡His¡¡vesture¡¡they



have¡¡cast¡¡lots£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡coat¡¡was¡¡without¡¡seam¡¡woven¡¡from¡¡the¡¡top



throughout¡£















IV¡¡THE¡¡ETHICS¡¡OF¡¡ELFLAND











¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡business¡¡man¡¡rebukes¡¡the¡¡idealism¡¡of¡¡his¡¡office¡­boy£»¡¡it



is¡¡commonly¡¡in¡¡some¡¡such¡¡speech¡¡as¡¡this£º¡¡¡¡¡¨Ah£»¡¡yes£»¡¡when¡¡one¡¡is¡¡young£»



one¡¡has¡¡these¡¡ideals¡¡in¡¡the¡¡abstract¡¡and¡¡these¡¡castles¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air£»



but¡¡in¡¡middle¡¡age¡¡they¡¡all¡¡break¡¡up¡¡like¡¡clouds£»¡¡and¡¡one¡¡comes¡¡down



to¡¡a¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡practical¡¡politics£»¡¡to¡¡using¡¡the¡¡machinery¡¡one¡¡has



and¡¡getting¡¡on¡¡with¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡venerable¡¡and



philanthropic¡¡old¡¡men¡¡now¡¡in¡¡their¡¡honoured¡¡graves¡¡used¡¡to¡¡talk¡¡to¡¡me



when¡¡I¡¡was¡¡a¡¡boy¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡since¡¡then¡¡I¡¡have¡¡grown¡¡up¡¡and¡¡have¡¡discovered



that¡¡these¡¡philanthropic¡¡old¡¡men¡¡were¡¡telling¡¡lies¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡has¡¡really



happened¡¡is¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡of¡¡what¡¡they¡¡said¡¡would¡¡happen¡£¡¡



They¡¡said¡¡that¡¡I¡¡should¡¡lose¡¡my¡¡ideals¡¡and¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡the



methods¡¡of¡¡practical¡¡politicians¡£¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡I¡¡have¡¡not¡¡lost¡¡my¡¡ideals



in¡¡the¡¡least£»¡¡my¡¡faith¡¡in¡¡fundamentals¡¡is¡¡exactly¡¡what¡¡it¡¡always¡¡was¡£¡¡



What¡¡I¡¡have¡¡lost¡¡is¡¡my¡¡old¡¡childlike¡¡faith¡¡in¡¡practical¡¡politics¡£¡¡



I¡¡am¡¡still¡¡as¡¡much¡¡concerned¡¡as¡¡ever¡¡about¡¡the¡¡Battle¡¡of¡¡Armageddon£»



but¡¡I¡¡am¡¡not¡¡so¡¡much¡¡concerned¡¡about¡¡the¡¡General¡¡Election¡£¡¡



As¡¡a¡¡babe¡¡I¡¡leapt¡¡up¡¡on¡¡my¡¡mother's¡¡knee¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡mention



of¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡No£»¡¡the¡¡vision¡¡is¡¡always¡¡solid¡¡and¡¡reliable¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡vision



is¡¡always¡¡a¡¡fact¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡reality¡¡that¡¡is¡¡often¡¡a¡¡fraud¡£¡¡



As¡¡much¡¡as¡¡I¡¡ever¡¡did£»¡¡more¡¡than¡¡I¡¡ever¡¡did£»¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡Liberalism¡£¡¡



But¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡rosy¡¡time¡¡of¡¡innocence¡¡when¡¡I¡¡believed¡¡in¡¡Liberals¡£







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡take¡¡this¡¡instance¡¡of¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enduring¡¡faiths¡¡because£»



having¡¡now¡¡to¡¡trace¡¡the¡¡roots¡¡of¡¡my¡¡personal¡¡speculation£»



this¡¡may¡¡be¡¡counted£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡only¡¡positive¡¡bias¡£¡¡



I¡¡was¡¡brought¡¡up¡¡a¡¡Liberal£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡always¡¡believed¡¡in¡¡democracy£»



in¡¡the¡¡elementary¡¡liberal¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡a¡¡self¡­governing¡¡humanity¡£¡¡



If¡¡any¡¡one¡¡finds¡¡the¡¡phrase¡¡vague¡¡or¡¡threadbare£»¡¡I¡¡can¡¡only¡¡pause



for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡democracy£»¡¡as¡¡I



mean¡¡it£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡stated¡¡in¡¡two¡¡propositions¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡first¡¡is¡¡this£º¡¡



that¡¡the¡¡things¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡men¡¡are¡¡more¡¡important¡¡than¡¡the



things¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡any¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡Ordinary¡¡things¡¡are¡¡more¡¡valuable



than¡¡extraordinary¡¡things£»¡¡nay£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡more¡¡extraordinary¡£¡¡



Man¡¡is¡¡something¡¡more¡¡awful¡¡than¡¡men£»¡¡something¡¡more¡¡strange¡£¡¡



The¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡miracle¡¡of¡¡humanity¡¡itself¡¡should¡¡be¡¡always¡¡more¡¡vivid



to¡¡us¡¡than¡¡any¡¡marvels¡¡of¡¡power£»¡¡intellect£»¡¡art£»¡¡or¡¡civilization¡£¡¡



The¡¡mere¡¡man¡¡on¡¡two¡¡legs£»¡¡as¡¡such£»¡¡should¡¡be¡¡felt¡¡as¡¡something¡¡more



heartbreaking¡¡than¡¡any¡¡music¡¡and¡¡more¡¡startling¡¡than¡¡any¡¡caricature¡£¡¡



Death¡¡is¡¡more¡¡tragic¡¡even¡¡than¡¡death¡¡by¡¡starvation¡£¡¡¡¡Having¡¡a¡¡nose



is¡¡more¡¡comic¡¡even¡¡than¡¡having¡¡a¡¡Norman¡¡nose¡£







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡first¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡democracy£º¡¡¡¡that¡¡the¡¡essential



things¡¡in¡¡men¡¡are¡¡the¡¡things¡¡they¡¡hold¡¡in¡¡common£»¡¡not¡¡the¡¡things



they¡¡hold¡¡separately¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡the¡¡second¡¡principle¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡this£º¡¡



that¡¡the¡¡political¡¡instinct¡¡or¡¡desire¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡things



which¡¡they¡¡hold¡¡in¡¡common¡£¡¡¡¡Falling¡¡in¡¡love¡¡is¡¡more¡¡poetical¡¡than



dropping¡¡into¡¡poetry¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡democratic¡¡contention¡¡is¡¡that¡¡government



£¨helping¡¡to¡¡rule¡¡the¡¡tribe£©¡¡is¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡like¡¡falling¡¡in¡¡love£»



and¡¡not¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡like¡¡dropping¡¡into¡¡poetry¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡something



analogous¡¡to¡¡playing¡¡the¡¡church¡¡organ£»¡¡painting¡¡on¡¡vellum£»



discovering¡¡the¡¡North¡¡Pole¡¡£¨that¡¡insidious¡¡habit£©£»¡¡looping¡¡the¡¡loop£»



being¡¡Astronomer¡¡Royal£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡these¡¡things¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡wish



a¡¡man¡¡to¡¡do¡¡at¡¡all¡¡unless¡¡he¡¡does¡¡them¡¡well¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»



a¡¡thing¡¡analogous¡¡to¡¡writing¡¡one's¡¡own¡¡love¡­letters¡¡or¡¡blowing



one's¡¡own¡¡nose¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡things¡¡we¡¡want¡¡a¡¡man¡¡to¡¡do¡¡for¡¡himself£»



even¡¡if¡¡he¡¡does¡¡them¡¡badly¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡am¡¡not¡¡here¡¡arguing¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡of¡¡any



of¡¡these¡¡conceptions£»¡¡I¡¡know¡¡that¡¡some¡¡moderns¡¡are¡¡asking¡¡to¡¡have



their¡¡wives¡¡chosen¡¡by¡¡scientists£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡may¡¡soon¡¡be¡¡asking£»



for¡¡all¡¡I¡¡know£»¡¡to¡¡have¡¡their¡¡noses¡¡blown¡¡by¡¡nurses¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡merely



say¡¡that¡¡mankind¡¡does¡¡recognize¡¡these¡¡universal¡¡human¡¡functions£»



and¡¡that¡¡democracy¡¡classes¡¡government¡¡among¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡short£»



the¡¡democratic¡¡faith¡¡is¡¡this£º¡¡¡¡that¡¡the¡¡most¡¡terribly¡¡important¡¡things



must¡¡be¡¡left¡¡to¡¡ordinary¡¡men¡¡themselvesthe¡¡mating¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sexes£»



the¡¡rearing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡young£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡democracy£»



and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡I¡¡have¡¡always¡¡believed¡£







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡there¡¡is¡¡one¡¡thing¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡never¡¡from¡¡my¡¡youth¡¡up¡¡been



able¡¡to¡¡understand¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡never¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡where¡¡people



got¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡that¡¡democracy¡¡was¡¡in¡¡some¡¡way¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡tradition¡£¡¡



It¡¡is¡¡obvious¡¡that¡¡tradition¡¡is¡¡only¡¡democracy¡¡extended¡¡through¡¡time¡£¡¡



It¡¡is¡¡trusting¡¡to¡¡a¡¡consensus¡¡of¡¡common¡¡human¡¡voices¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡to



some¡¡isolated¡¡or¡¡arbitrary¡¡record¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡man¡¡who¡¡quotes¡¡some¡¡German



historian¡¡against¡¡the¡¡tradition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Catholic¡¡Church£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»



is¡¡strictly¡¡appealing¡¡to¡¡aristocracy¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡is¡¡appealing¡¡to¡¡the



superiority¡¡of¡¡one¡¡expert¡¡against¡¡the¡¡awful¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mob¡£¡¡



It¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡see¡¡why¡¡a¡¡legend¡¡is¡¡treated£»¡¡and¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡treated£»



more¡¡respectfully¡¡than¡¡a¡¡book¡¡of¡¡history¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡legend¡¡is¡¡generally



made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡people¡¡in¡¡the¡¡village£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡sane¡£¡¡



The¡¡book¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡written¡¡by¡¡the¡¡one¡¡man¡¡in¡¡the¡¡village¡¡who¡¡is¡¡mad¡£¡¡



Those¡¡who¡¡urge¡¡against¡¡tradition¡¡that¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡past¡¡were¡¡ignorant



may¡¡go¡¡and¡¡urge¡¡it¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Carlton¡¡Club£»¡¡along¡¡with¡¡the¡¡statement



that¡¡voters¡¡in¡¡the¡¡slums¡¡are¡¡ignorant¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡will¡¡not¡¡do¡¡for¡¡us¡£¡¡



If¡¡we¡¡attach¡¡great¡¡importance¡¡to¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡ordinary¡¡men¡¡in¡¡great



unanimity¡¡when¡¡we¡¡are¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡daily¡¡matters£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reason



why¡¡we¡¡should¡¡disregard¡¡it¡¡when¡¡we¡¡are¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡history¡¡or¡¡fable¡£¡¡



Tradition¡¡may¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡as¡¡an¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡franchise¡£¡¡



Tradition¡¡means¡¡giving¡¡votes¡¡to¡¡the¡¡most¡¡obscure¡¡of¡¡all¡¡classes£»



our¡¡ancestors¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡democracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dead¡£¡¡¡¡Tradition¡¡refuses



to¡¡submit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡small¡¡and¡¡arrogant¡¡oligarchy¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡merely



happen¡¡to¡¡be¡¡walking¡¡about¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡democrats¡¡object¡¡to¡¡men¡¡being



disqualified¡¡by¡¡the¡¡accident¡¡of¡¡birth£»¡¡tradition¡¡objects¡¡to¡¡their



being¡¡disqualified¡¡by¡¡the¡¡accident¡¡of¡¡death¡£¡¡¡¡Democracy¡¡tells¡¡us



not¡¡to¡¡neglect¡¡a¡¡good¡¡man's¡¡opinion£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡he¡¡is¡¡our¡¡groom£»



tradition¡¡asks¡¡us¡¡not¡¡to¡¡neglect¡¡a¡¡good¡¡man's¡¡opinion£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡he¡¡is



our¡¡father¡£¡¡¡¡I£»¡¡at¡¡any¡¡rate£»¡¡cannot¡¡separate¡¡the¡¡two¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡democracy



and¡¡tradition£»¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡evident¡¡to¡¡me¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡the¡¡same¡¡idea¡£¡¡



We¡¡will¡¡have¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡at¡¡our¡¡councils¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡ancient¡¡Greeks¡¡voted



by¡¡stones£»¡¡these¡¡shall¡¡vote¡¡by¡¡tombstones¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡all¡¡quite¡¡regular



and¡¡official£»¡¡for¡¡most¡¡tombstones£»¡¡like¡¡most¡¡ballot¡¡papers£»¡¡are¡¡marked



with¡¡a¡¡cross¡£







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡first¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡I¡¡have¡¡had¡¡a¡¡bias£»¡¡it¡¡was
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡