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part05+-第81部分

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police measures taken against Armenian; Finnish; New Turkish; and



other orators who have wished to come here and make the



conference and the city a bear…garden ; have led both the extreme



partiesthat is; the solid Roman Catholic party on one side; and



the pretended votaries of liberty on the otherto hate the



ministry equally。 He thinks that they will join hands and oust



the ministry just as soon as the conference is over。







Some allowance is to be made for the fact that Sir Henry is a



Roman Catholic: while generally liberal; he evidently looks at



many questions from the point of view of his church。'9'











'9' As it turned out; he was right: the ministry was ousted; but



not so soon as he expected; for the catastrophe did not arrive



until about two years later。 Then came in a coalition of high



Calvinists and Roman Catholics which brought in the Kuyper



ministry。











July 24。







For some daysin fact; ever since Captain Mahan on the 22d



called attention to article 27 of the arbitration convention as



likely to be considered an infringement of the Monroe



Doctrineour American delegation has been greatly perplexed。 We



have been trying to induce the French; who proposed article 27;



and who are as much attached to it as is a hen to her one chick;



to give it up; or; at least; to allow a limiting or explanatory



clause to be placed with it。 Various clauses of this sort have



been proposed。 The article itself makes it the duty of the other



signatory powers; when any two nations are evidently drifting



toward war; to remind these two nations that the arbitration



tribunal is open to them。 Nothing can be more simple and natural;



but we fear lest; when the convention comes up for ratification



in the United States Senate; some over…sensitive patriot may seek



to defeat it by insisting that it is really a violation of



time…honored American policy at home and abroadthe policy of



not entangling ourselves in the affairs of foreign nations; on



one side; and of not allowing them to interfere in our affairs;



on the other。







At twelve this day our delegation gave a large luncheon at the



Oude Doelenamong those present being Ambassadors De Staal;



Count Nigra; and Sir Julian Pauncefote; Bourgeois; Karnebeek;



Basily; Baron d'Estournelles; Baron de Bildt; and othersto



discuss means of getting out of the above…mentioned difficulty。 A



most earnest effort was made to induce the French to allow some



such modification as has been put into other articlesnamely;



the words; 〃autant que possible;〃 or some limiting clause to the



same effect; but neither Bourgeois nor D'Estournelles;



representing France; would think of it for a moment。 Bourgeois;



as the head of the French delegation; spoke again and again; at



great length。 Among other things; he gave us a very long



disquisition on the meaning of 〃devoir〃 as it stands in the



articlea disquisition which showed that the Jesuits are not the



only skilful casuists in the world。







I then presented my project of a declaration of the American



doctrine to be made by us on signing。 It had been scratched off



with a pencil in the morning; hastily; but it was well received



by Bourgeois; D'Estournelles; and all the others。







Later we held a meeting of our own delegation; when; to my



project of a declaration stating that nothing contained in any



part of the convention signed here should be considered as



requiring us to intrude; mingle; or entangle ourselves in



European politics or internal affairs; Low made an excellent



addition to the effect that nothing should be considered to



require any abandonment of the traditional attitude of the United



States toward questions purely American; and; with slight verbal



changes; this combination was adopted。











July 25。







All night long I have been tossing about in my bed and thinking



of our declaration of the Monroe Doctrine to be brought before



the conference to…day。 We all fear that the conference will not



receive it; or will insist on our signing without it or not



signing at all。







On my way to The Hague from Scheveningen I met M。 Descamps; the



eminent professor of international law in the University of



Louvain; and the leading delegate in the conference as regards



intricate legal questions connected with the arbitration plan。 He



thought that our best way out of the difficulty was absolutely to



insist on a clause limiting the devoir imposed by article 27; and



to force it to a vote。 He declared that; in spite of the French;



it would certainly be carried。 This I doubt。 M。 Descamps knows;



perhaps; more of international law than of the temper of his



associates。







In the afternoon to the 〃House in the Wood;〃 where the 〃Final



Act〃 was read。 This is a statement of what has been done; summed



up in the form of three conventions; with sundry declarations;



voeux; etc。 We had taken pains to see a number of the leading



delegates; and all; in their anxiety to save the main features of



the arbitration plan; agreed that they would not oppose our



declaration。 It was therefore placed in the hands of



Raffalovitch; the Russian secretary; who stood close beside the



president; and as soon as the 〃Final Act〃 had been recited he



read this declaration of ours。 This was then brought before the



conference in plenary session by M。 de Staal; and the conference



was asked whether any one bad any objection; or anything to say



regarding it。 There was a pause of about a minute; which seemed



to me about an hour。 Not a word was said;in fact; there was



dead silence;and so our declaration embodying a reservation in



favor of the Monroe Doctrine was duly recorded and became part of



the proceedings。







Rarely in my life have I had such a feeling of deep relief; for;



during some days past; it has looked as if the arbitration



project; so far as the United States is concerned; would be



wrecked on that wretched little article 27。







I had before me notes of a speech carefully prepared; stating our



reasons and replying to objections; to be used in case we were



attacked; but it was not needed。 In the evening I was asked by



Mr。 Lavino; the correspondent of the London 〃Times;〃 to put the



gist of it into an 〃interview〃 for the great newspaper which he



serves; and to this I consented; for; during the proceedings this



afternoon in the conference; Sir Julian Pauncefote showed great



uneasiness。 He was very anxious that we should withdraw the



declaration altogether; and said; 〃It will be charged against you



that you propose to evade your duties while using the treaty to



promote your interests〃; but I held firm and pressed the matter;



with the result above stated。 I feared that he would object in



open conference; but his loyalty to arbitration evidently



deterred him。 However; he returned to the charge privately; and I



then promised to make a public statement of our reasons for the



declaration; and this seemed to ease his mind。 The result was a



recasting of my proposed speech; and this Mr。 Lavino threw into



the form of a long telegram to the 〃Times。〃











July 26。







At ten to a meeting of our American delegation; when another



bombshell was thrown among usnothing less than the question



whether the Pope is to be allowed to become one of the signatory



powers; and this question has now taken a very acute form。 Italy



is; of course; utterly opposed to it; and Great Britain will not



sign if any besides those agreed upon by the signatory powers are



allowed to come in hereafter; her motive being; no doubt; to



avoid trouble in regard to the Transvaal。







Mr。 Low stated that in the great committee the prevailing opinion



seemed to be that the signatory powers had made a sort of



partnership; and that no new partners could be added without the



consent of all。 This is the natural ground; and entirely tenable。







I would have been glad to add the additional requirement that no



power should be admitted which would not make arbitration



reciprocalthat is; no power which; while aiding to arbitrate



for others; would not accept arbitration between itself and



another power。 This would; of course; exclude the Vatican; for;



while it desires to judge others; it will allow no interests of



its own; not even the most worldly and trivial; to be submitted



to any earthly tribunal。







The question now came up in our American delegation as to signing



the three conventions in the Acte Finalnamely; those relating



to arbitration; to the extension of the Geneva rules; and to the



laws and customs of war。 We voted to sign the first; to send the



second to Washington without recommendation; and to send the



third with a recommendation that it be there signed。 The reason



for sending the second to Washington without recommendation is



that Captain Mahan feels that; in its present condition; it may



bring on worse evils than it prevents。 He especially and; I



think; justly objects to allowing neutral hospital ships to take



on board the wounded and shipwrecked in a naval action; with



power to throw around them the safeguards of neutrality and carry



them off to a neutral port whence they can again regain their own



homes and resume their status as combatants。







The reason for submitting the third to Washington; with a



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