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part05+-第82部分

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homes and resume their status as combatants。







The reason for submitting the third to Washington; with a



recommendation to sign it there; is that considerable work will



be required in conforming our laws of war to the standard



proposed by the conference; and that it is best that the



Washington authorities look it over carefully。







I was very anxious to sign all three conventions; but the first



is the great one; and I yielded my views on the last two。







The powers are to have until the 31st of December; if they wish



it; before signing。











July 27。







Early in the morning to a meeting of our American delegation; Mr。



van Karnebeek being present。 We agreed to sign the arbitration



convention; attaching to our signatures a reservation embodying



our declaration of July 25 regarding the maintenance of our



American policythe Monroe Doctrine。 A telegram was received



from the State Department approving of this declaration。 The



imbroglio regarding the forcing of the Pope into the midst of the



signatory powers continues。 The ultramontanes are pushing on



various delegates; especially sundry Austrians and Belgians; who



depend on clerical support for their political existence; and; in



some cases; for their daily bread; and the result is that M。



Descamps; one of the most eminent international lawyers in



Europe; who has rendered great services during the conference;



but who holds a professorship at the University of Louvain; and



can hold it not one moment longer than the Jesuits allow him; is



making a great display of feeling on the subject。 Italy; of



course; continues to take the strongest ground against the



proposal to admit his Holiness as an Italian sovereign。







Our position is; as was well stated in the great committee by Mr。



Low; that the contracting parties must all consent before a new



party can come in; and this under one of the simplest principles



of law。 We ought also to add that any power thus admitted shall



not only consent to arbitrate on others; but to be arbitrated



upon。 This; of course; the Vatican monsignori will never do。 They



would see all Europe deluged in blood before they would submit



the pettiest question between the kingdom of Italy and themselves



to arbitration by lay powers。 All other things are held by them



utterly subordinate to the restoration of the Pope's temporal



power; though they must know that if it were restored to him



to…morrow he could not hold it。 He would be overthrown by a



revolution within a month; even with all the troops which France



or Austria could send to support him; and then we should have the



old miserable state of things again in Italy; with bloodshed;



oppression; and exactions such as took place throughout the first



half of this century; and; indeed; while I was in Italy; under



the old papal authority; in 1856。







In the afternoon to the 〃House in the Wood〃 to go over documents



preliminary to signing the 〃Final Act。〃











July 28。







In the afternoon in plenary session of the conference; hearing



the final reports as to forms of signing; etc。







To…day appears in the London 〃Times〃 the interview which its



correspondent had with me yesterday。 It develops the reasons for



our declaration; and seems to give general satisfaction。 Sir



Julian Pauncefote told Holls that he liked it much。







The committee on forms of the 〃Final Act;〃 etc。; has at last;



under pressure of all sorts; agreed that the question of



admitting non…signatory powers shall be decided by the signatory



powers; hereafter; through the ordinary medium of diplomatic



correspondence。 This is unfortunate for some of the South



American republics; but it will probably in some way inure to the



benefit of the Vatican monsignori。











July 29。







The last and culminating day of the conference。







In the morning the entire body gathered in the great hall of the



〃House in the Wood;〃 and each delegation was summoned thence to



sign the protocol; conventions; and declarations。 These were laid



out on a long table in the dining…room of the palace; which is



adorned with very remarkable paintings of mythological subjects



imitating bas…reliefs。







All these documents had the places for each signature prepared



beforehand; and our seals; in wax; already placed upon the pages



adjoining the place where each signature was to be。 At the



request of the Foreign Office authorities for my seal; I had sent



a day or two beforehand the seal ring which Goldwin Smith gave me



at the founding of Cornell University。 It is an ancient carnelian



intaglio which he obtained in Rome; and bears upon its face;



exquisitely engraved; a Winged Victory。 This seal I used during



my entire connection with Cornell University; and also as a



member of the Electoral College of the State of New York at



General Grant's second election; when; at the request of the



president of that body; Governor Woodford; it was used in sealing



certificates of the election; which were sent; according to law;



to certain high officials of our government。







I affixed my signature to the arbitration convention; writing in;



as agreed; the proviso that our signatures were subject to the



Monroe Doctrine declaration made in open session of the



conference on July 25。 The other members of the American



delegation then signed in proper order。 But the two other



conventions we left unsigned。 It was with deep regret that I



turned away from these; but the majority of the delegation had



decreed it; and it was difficult to see what other course we



could pursue。 I trust that the Washington authorities will



rectify the matter by signing them both。







We also affixed our signatures to the first of the



〃declarations。〃







At three P。M。 came the formal closing of the conference。 M。 de



Staal made an excellent speech; as did Mr。 van Karnebeek and M。



de Beaufort; the Netherlands minister of foreign affairs。 To



these Count Munster; the presiding delegate from Germany; replied



in French; and apparently extemporaneously。 It must have been



pain and grief to him; for he was obliged to speak respectfully;



in the first place; of the conference; which for some weeks he



had affected to despise; and; secondly; of arbitration and the



other measures proposed; which; at least during all the first



part of the conference; he had denounced as a trick and a humbug;



and; finally; he had to speak respectfully of M。 de Staal; to



whom he has steadily shown decided dislike。 He did the whole



quite well; all things considered; but showed his feelings



clearly; as regarded M。 de Staal; by adding to praise of him



greater praise for Mr。 van Karnebeek; who has been the main



managing man in the conference in behalf of the Netherlands



Government。







Then to the hotel and began work on the draft of a report;



regarding the whole work of the conference; to the State



Department。 I was especially embarrassed by the fact that the



wording of it must be suited to the scruples of my colleague;



Captain Mahan。 He is a man of the highest character and of great



ability; whom I respect and greatly like; but; as an old naval



officer; wedded to the views generally entertained by older



members of the naval and military service; he has had very



little; if any; sympathy with the main purposes of the



conference; and has not hesitated to declare his disbelief in



some of the measures which we were especially instructed to



press。 In his books he is on record against the immunity of



private property at sea; and in drawing up our memorial to the



conference regarding this latter matter; in making my speech with



reference to it in the conference; and in preparing our report to



the State Department; I have been embarrassed by this fact。 It



was important to have unanimity; and it could not be had; so far



as he was concerned; without toning down the whole thing; and;



indeed; leaving out much that in my judgment the documents



emanating from us on the subject ought to contain。 So now; in



regard to arbitration; as well as the other measures finally



adopted; his feelings must be considered。 Still; his views have



been an excellent tonic; they have effectively prevented any



lapse into sentimentality。 When he speaks the millennium fades



and this stern; severe; actual world appears。







I worked until late at night; and then went to Scheveningen



almost in despair。











July 30。







Returned to The Hague early in the morning; and went on again



with the report; working steadily through the day upon it。 For



the first time in my life I have thus made Sunday a day of work。



Although I have no conscientious scruples on the subject; it was



bred into me in my childhood and boyhood that Sunday should be



kept free from all manner of work; and so thoroughly was this



rule inculcated that I have borne it in mind ever since; often



resisting very pressing temptation to depart from it。







But to…day there was no alternative; and the whole time until



five o'clock in the afternoon was given to getting my draft



ready。







At five P。M。 the American delegation came together; and; to my



surprise; received my report with every appearance of



satisfaction。 Mr。 Low indicated some places which; in his



opinion; needed modific
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