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homes　and　resume　their　status　as　combatants。







The　reason　for　submitting　the　third　to　Washington；　with　a



recommendation　to　sign　it　there；　is　that　considerable　work　will



be　required　in　conforming　our　laws　of　war　to　the　standard



proposed　by　the　conference；　and　that　it　is　best　that　the



Washington　authorities　look　it　over　carefully。







I　was　very　anxious　to　sign　all　three　conventions；　but　the　first



is　the　great　one；　and　I　yielded　my　views　on　the　last　two。







The　powers　are　to　have　until　the　31st　of　December；　if　they　wish



it；　before　signing。











July　27。







Early　in　the　morning　to　a　meeting　of　our　American　delegation；　Mr。



van　Karnebeek　being　present。　We　agreed　to　sign　the　arbitration



convention；　attaching　to　our　signatures　a　reservation　embodying



our　declaration　of　July　25　regarding　the　maintenance　of　our



American　policythe　Monroe　Doctrine。　A　telegram　was　received



from　the　State　Department　approving　of　this　declaration。　The



imbroglio　regarding　the　forcing　of　the　Pope　into　the　midst　of　the



signatory　powers　continues。　The　ultramontanes　are　pushing　on



various　delegates；　especially　sundry　Austrians　and　Belgians；　who



depend　on　clerical　support　for　their　political　existence；　and；　in



some　cases；　for　their　daily　bread；　and　the　result　is　that　M。



Descamps；　one　of　the　most　eminent　international　lawyers　in



Europe；　who　has　rendered　great　services　during　the　conference；



but　who　holds　a　professorship　at　the　University　of　Louvain；　and



can　hold　it　not　one　moment　longer　than　the　Jesuits　allow　him；　is



making　a　great　display　of　feeling　on　the　subject。　Italy；　of



course；　continues　to　take　the　strongest　ground　against　the



proposal　to　admit　his　Holiness　as　an　Italian　sovereign。







Our　position　is；　as　was　well　stated　in　the　great　committee　by　Mr。



Low；　that　the　contracting　parties　must　all　consent　before　a　new



party　can　come　in；　and　this　under　one　of　the　simplest　principles



of　law。　We　ought　also　to　add　that　any　power　thus　admitted　shall



not　only　consent　to　arbitrate　on　others；　but　to　be　arbitrated



upon。　This；　of　course；　the　Vatican　monsignori　will　never　do。　They



would　see　all　Europe　deluged　in　blood　before　they　would　submit



the　pettiest　question　between　the　kingdom　of　Italy　and　themselves



to　arbitration　by　lay　powers。　All　other　things　are　held　by　them



utterly　subordinate　to　the　restoration　of　the　Pope's　temporal



power；　though　they　must　know　that　if　it　were　restored　to　him



to…morrow　he　could　not　hold　it。　He　would　be　overthrown　by　a



revolution　within　a　month；　even　with　all　the　troops　which　France



or　Austria　could　send　to　support　him；　and　then　we　should　have　the



old　miserable　state　of　things　again　in　Italy；　with　bloodshed；



oppression；　and　exactions　such　as　took　place　throughout　the　first



half　of　this　century；　and；　indeed；　while　I　was　in　Italy；　under



the　old　papal　authority；　in　1856。







In　the　afternoon　to　the　〃House　in　the　Wood〃　to　go　over　documents



preliminary　to　signing　the　〃Final　Act。〃











July　28。







In　the　afternoon　in　plenary　session　of　the　conference；　hearing



the　final　reports　as　to　forms　of　signing；　etc。







To…day　appears　in　the　London　〃Times〃　the　interview　which　its



correspondent　had　with　me　yesterday。　It　develops　the　reasons　for



our　declaration；　and　seems　to　give　general　satisfaction。　Sir



Julian　Pauncefote　told　Holls　that　he　liked　it　much。







The　committee　on　forms　of　the　〃Final　Act；〃　etc。；　has　at　last；



under　pressure　of　all　sorts；　agreed　that　the　question　of



admitting　non…signatory　powers　shall　be　decided　by　the　signatory



powers；　hereafter；　through　the　ordinary　medium　of　diplomatic



correspondence。　This　is　unfortunate　for　some　of　the　South



American　republics；　but　it　will　probably　in　some　way　inure　to　the



benefit　of　the　Vatican　monsignori。











July　29。







The　last　and　culminating　day　of　the　conference。







In　the　morning　the　entire　body　gathered　in　the　great　hall　of　the



〃House　in　the　Wood；〃　and　each　delegation　was　summoned　thence　to



sign　the　protocol；　conventions；　and　declarations。　These　were　laid



out　on　a　long　table　in　the　dining…room　of　the　palace；　which　is



adorned　with　very　remarkable　paintings　of　mythological　subjects



imitating　bas…reliefs。







All　these　documents　had　the　places　for　each　signature　prepared



beforehand；　and　our　seals；　in　wax；　already　placed　upon　the　pages



adjoining　the　place　where　each　signature　was　to　be。　At　the



request　of　the　Foreign　Office　authorities　for　my　seal；　I　had　sent



a　day　or　two　beforehand　the　seal　ring　which　Goldwin　Smith　gave　me



at　the　founding　of　Cornell　University。　It　is　an　ancient　carnelian



intaglio　which　he　obtained　in　Rome；　and　bears　upon　its　face；



exquisitely　engraved；　a　Winged　Victory。　This　seal　I　used　during



my　entire　connection　with　Cornell　University；　and　also　as　a



member　of　the　Electoral　College　of　the　State　of　New　York　at



General　Grant's　second　election；　when；　at　the　request　of　the



president　of　that　body；　Governor　Woodford；　it　was　used　in　sealing



certificates　of　the　election；　which　were　sent；　according　to　law；



to　certain　high　officials　of　our　government。







I　affixed　my　signature　to　the　arbitration　convention；　writing　in；



as　agreed；　the　proviso　that　our　signatures　were　subject　to　the



Monroe　Doctrine　declaration　made　in　open　session　of　the



conference　on　July　25。　The　other　members　of　the　American



delegation　then　signed　in　proper　order。　But　the　two　other



conventions　we　left　unsigned。　It　was　with　deep　regret　that　I



turned　away　from　these；　but　the　majority　of　the　delegation　had



decreed　it；　and　it　was　difficult　to　see　what　other　course　we



could　pursue。　I　trust　that　the　Washington　authorities　will



rectify　the　matter　by　signing　them　both。







We　also　affixed　our　signatures　to　the　first　of　the



〃declarations。〃







At　three　P。M。　came　the　formal　closing　of　the　conference。　M。　de



Staal　made　an　excellent　speech；　as　did　Mr。　van　Karnebeek　and　M。



de　Beaufort；　the　Netherlands　minister　of　foreign　affairs。　To



these　Count　Munster；　the　presiding　delegate　from　Germany；　replied



in　French；　and　apparently　extemporaneously。　It　must　have　been



pain　and　grief　to　him；　for　he　was　obliged　to　speak　respectfully；



in　the　first　place；　of　the　conference；　which　for　some　weeks　he



had　affected　to　despise；　and；　secondly；　of　arbitration　and　the



other　measures　proposed；　which；　at　least　during　all　the　first



part　of　the　conference；　he　had　denounced　as　a　trick　and　a　humbug；



and；　finally；　he　had　to　speak　respectfully　of　M。　de　Staal；　to



whom　he　has　steadily　shown　decided　dislike。　He　did　the　whole



quite　well；　all　things　considered；　but　showed　his　feelings



clearly；　as　regarded　M。　de　Staal；　by　adding　to　praise　of　him



greater　praise　for　Mr。　van　Karnebeek；　who　has　been　the　main



managing　man　in　the　conference　in　behalf　of　the　Netherlands



Government。







Then　to　the　hotel　and　began　work　on　the　draft　of　a　report；



regarding　the　whole　work　of　the　conference；　to　the　State



Department。　I　was　especially　embarrassed　by　the　fact　that　the



wording　of　it　must　be　suited　to　the　scruples　of　my　colleague；



Captain　Mahan。　He　is　a　man　of　the　highest　character　and　of　great



ability；　whom　I　respect　and　greatly　like；　but；　as　an　old　naval



officer；　wedded　to　the　views　generally　entertained　by　older



members　of　the　naval　and　military　service；　he　has　had　very



little；　if　any；　sympathy　with　the　main　purposes　of　the



conference；　and　has　not　hesitated　to　declare　his　disbelief　in



some　of　the　measures　which　we　were　especially　instructed　to



press。　In　his　books　he　is　on　record　against　the　immunity　of



private　property　at　sea；　and　in　drawing　up　our　memorial　to　the



conference　regarding　this　latter　matter；　in　making　my　speech　with



reference　to　it　in　the　conference；　and　in　preparing　our　report　to



the　State　Department；　I　have　been　embarrassed　by　this　fact。　It



was　important　to　have　unanimity；　and　it　could　not　be　had；　so　far



as　he　was　concerned；　without　toning　down　the　whole　thing；　and；



indeed；　leaving　out　much　that　in　my　judgment　the　documents



emanating　from　us　on　the　subject　ought　to　contain。　So　now；　in



regard　to　arbitration；　as　well　as　the　other　measures　finally



adopted；　his　feelings　must　be　considered。　Still；　his　views　have



been　an　excellent　tonic；　they　have　effectively　prevented　any



lapse　into　sentimentality。　When　he　speaks　the　millennium　fades



and　this　stern；　severe；　actual　world　appears。







I　worked　until　late　at　night；　and　then　went　to　Scheveningen



almost　in　despair。











July　30。







Returned　to　The　Hague　early　in　the　morning；　and　went　on　again



with　the　report；　working　steadily　through　the　day　upon　it。　For



the　first　time　in　my　life　I　have　thus　made　Sunday　a　day　of　work。



Although　I　have　no　conscientious　scruples　on　the　subject；　it　was



bred　into　me　in　my　childhood　and　boyhood　that　Sunday　should　be



kept　free　from　all　manner　of　work；　and　so　thoroughly　was　this



rule　inculcated　that　I　have　borne　it　in　mind　ever　since；　often



resisting　very　pressing　temptation　to　depart　from　it。







But　to…day　there　was　no　alternative；　and　the　whole　time　until



five　o'clock　in　the　afternoon　was　given　to　getting　my　draft



ready。







At　five　P。M。　the　American　delegation　came　together；　and；　to　my



surprise；　received　my　report　with　every　appearance　of



satisfaction。　Mr。　Low　indicated　some　places　which；　in　his



opinion；　needed　modific