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the origins of contemporary france-3-第1部分

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The French Revolution; Volume 2

                                           
The Origins of Contemporary France; Volume 3
                                           
by Hippolyte A。 Taine








THE REVOLUTION。 Volume II。 THE JACOBIN CONQUEST。



THE FRENCH REVOLUTION VOLUME II。

THE JACOBIN CONQUEST。



THE FRENCH REVOLUTION VOLUME II。



BOOK FIRST。 THE JACOBINS。

CHAPTER I。 The Establishment of the new political organ。       

I。  The Revolutionary Party。

II。  The Jacobins。

III。 Jacobin Mentality。

IV。  What the Theory Promises。



CHAPTER II。 The Party。

I。 Formation of the Party

II。  Jacobin and other Associations

III。  The Press。

IV。 The Clubs。

V。  Jacobin Power。



BOOK SECOND。 THE FIRST STAGE OF THE CONQUEST。

CHAPTER I。 The Jacobins in Power。

I。  Manipulating the Vote。

II。 Danger of holding Public Office。

III。  Pursuit of the Opponents。

IV。 Turmoil。

V。 Tactics of Intimidation。



CHAPTER II。  The Legislative Assembly。

I。 New Incompetent Assembly。

II。 Jacobin Intelligence and Culture。

III。 Their Sessions。

IV。   The political Parties。

V。  Means and Ways。

VI。  Political Tactics。

CHAPTER III。  Policy of the Assembly。

I。  Lawlessness。

II。  Revolutionary Laws。

III。 War。

IV。 Dictatorship of the Proletariat。

V。  Citoyens! Aux Armes!!

CHAPTER IV。  The Departments。

I。 Provence in 1792。

II。 The expedition to Aix。

III。 Marseilles against Arles。

IV。 The Jacobins of Avignon。

V。  The Class Struggle。

CHAPTER V。  PARIS。

I。 Weakening of the King。

II。  The Armed Revolutionaries。

III。  Jacobin Rabble…rousers。

IV。  The King in front of the people。

CHAPTER VI。 The Birth of the Terrible Paris Commune。

I。 The Plan of the Girondists。

II。 Girondists Foiled。

III。  Preparations for the Coup。

IV。 The Commune in Action。

V。  Purging the Assembly。

VI。   Take…over。

VII。  The King's Submission。

VIII。  Paris and its Jacobin leaders。



BOOK THIRD。 THE SECOND STAGE OF THE CONQUEST。

CHAPTER I。 Mob rule in times of anarchy。

I。    Brigands。

II。 Homicidal Part of Revolutionary Creed。

III。  Terror is their Salvation。

IV。 Carnage。

V。  Abasement and Stupor。

VI。 Jacobin Massacre。

CHAPTER II。 THE DEPARTMENTS。

I。 The Sovereignty of the People。。

II。 Robbers and Victims。

III。  Local Dictature。

IV。  Jacobin Violence; Rape and Pillage。

V。  The Roving Gangs。

VI。 The Programme of the Party。

CHAPTER III。  The New Sovereigns。。

I。 Sharing the Spoils。

II。 Doctoring the Elections

III Electoral Control。。

IV: The New Republican Assembly。

V。 The Jacobins forming alone the Sovereign People。

VI。 Composition of the Jacobin Party。

VII。 The Jacobin Chieftains。

CHAPTER IV。  TAKEN HOSTAGE。

I。     Jacobin tactics and power。

II。    Jacobin characters and minds。

III。   Physical fear and moral cowardice。

IV。  Jacobin victory over Girondist majority。

V。    Jacobin violence against the people。

VI。   Jacobin tactics。

VII。  The central Jacobin committee in power。

VIII。 Right or Wrong; my Country。







Preface:



In this volume; as in those preceding it and in those to come; there

will be found only the history of Public Authorities。 Others will

write that of diplomacy; of war; of the finances; of the Church; my

subject is a limited one。 To my great regret; however; this new part

fills an entire volume; and the last part; on the revolutionary

government; will be as long。



I have again to regret the dissatisfaction I foresee this work will

cause to many of my countrymen。 My excuse is; that almost all of them;

more fortunate than myself; have political principles which serve them

in forming their judgments of the past。 I had none; if indeed; I had

any motive in undertaking this work; it was to seek for political

principles。 Thus far I have attained to scarcely more than one; and

this is so simple that will seem puerile; and that I hardly dare

express it。 Nevertheless I have adhered to it; and in what the reader

is about to peruse my judgments are all derived from that; its truth

is the measure of theirs。 It consists wholly in this observation: that



HUMAN SOCIETY; ESPECIALLY A MODERN SOCIETY; IS A VAST AND COMPLICATED

THING。



Hence the difficulty in knowing and comprehending it。 For the same

reason it is not easy to handle the subject well。 It follows that a

cultivated mind is much better able to do this than an uncultivated

mind; and a man specially qualified than one who is not。 From these

two last truths flow many other consequences; which; if the reader

deigns to reflect on them; he will have no trouble in defining。



        H。 A。 Taine; Paris 1881。







BOOK FIRST。 THE JACOBINS。



CHAPTER I。   THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NEW POLITICAL ORGAN。





In this disorganized society;  in which the passions of the people are

the sole real force; authority belongs to the party that understands

how to flatter and take advantage of these。 As the legal government

can neither repress nor gratify them; an illegal government arises

which sanctions; excites; and directs these passions。 While the former

totters and falls to pieces; the latter grows stronger and improves

its organization; until; becoming legal in its turn; it takes the

other's place。





I。



Principle of the revolutionary party。 … Its applications。



As a justification of these popular outbreaks and assaults; we

discover at the outset a theory; which is neither improvised; added

to; nor superficial; but now firmly fixed in the public mind。 It has

for a long time been nourished by philosophical discussions。 It is a

sort of enduring; long…lived root out of which the new constitutional

tree has arisen。 It is the dogma of popular sovereignty。  Literally

interpreted; it means that the government is merely an inferior clerk

or servant。'1'  We; the people; have established the government; and

ever since; as well as before its organization; we are its masters。

Between it and us no infinite or long lasting 〃contract〃。  〃None which

cannot be done away with by mutual consent or through the

unfaithfulness of one of the two parties。〃  Whatever it may be; or

provide for; we are nowise bound by it; it depends wholly on us。 We

remain free to 〃modify; restrict; and resume as we please the power of

which we have made it the depository。〃  Through a primordial and

inalienable title deed the commonwealth belongs to us and to us only。

If we put this into the hands of the government it is as when kings

delegate authority for the time being to a minister He is always

tempted to abuse; it is our business to watch him; warn him; check

him; curb him; and; if necessary; displace him。 We must especially

guard ourselves against the craft and maneuvers by which; under the

pretext of preserving law and order; he would tie our hands。 A law;

superior to any he can make; forbids him to interfere with our

sovereignty; and he does interfere with it when he undertakes to

forestall; obstruct; or impede its exercise。 The Assembly; even the

Constituent; usurps when it treats the people like a lazybones (roi

fainéant); when it subjects them to laws; which they have not

ratified; and when it deprives them of action except through their

representatives。'2' The people themselves must act directly; must

assemble together and deliberate on public affairs。 They must control

and censure the acts of those they elect; they must influence these

with their resolutions; correct their mistakes with their good sense;

atone for their weakness by their energy; stand at the helm alongside

of them; and even employ force and throw them overboard; so that the

ship may be saved; which; in their hands; is drifting on a rock。'3'

    Such; in fact; is the doctrine of the popular party。 This doctrine

is carried into effect July 14 and October 5 and 6; 1789。 Loustalot;

Camille Desmoulins; Fréron; Danton; Marat; Pétion; Robespierre

proclaim it untiringly in the political clubs; in the newspapers; and

in the assembly。 The government; according to them; whether local or

central; trespasses everywhere。 Why; after having overthrown one

despotism; should we install another?  We are freed from the yoke of a

privileged aristocracy; but we still suffer from 〃the aristocracy of

our representatives。〃'4'  Already at Paris; 〃the population is

nothing; while the municipality is everything〃。 It encroaches on our

imprescriptible rights in refusing to let a district revoke at will

the five members elected to represent it at the H?tel…de…Ville; in

passing ordinances without obtaining the approval of voters; in

preventing citizens from assembling where they please; in interrupting

the out…door meetings of the clubs in the Palais Royal where

〃Patriots are driven away be the patrol。〃   Mayor Bailly; 〃who keeps

liveried servants; who gives himself a salary of 110;000 livres;〃 who

distributes captains' commissions; who forces peddlers to wear

metallic badges; and who compels newspapers to have signatures to

their articles is not only a tyrant; but a crook; thief and 〃guilty of

lése…nation。〃   Worse are the abuses of the National Assembly。 To

swear fidelity to the constitution; as this body has just done; to

impose its work on us; forcing us to take a similar oath; disregarding

our superior rights to veto or ratify their decisions;'5' is to

〃slight and scorn our sovereignty〃。 By substituting the will of 1200

individuals for that of the people;  〃our representatives have failed

to treat us with respect。〃   This is not the first time; and it is not

to be the last。 Often do they exceed their mandate; they disarm;

mutilate; and gag their legitimate sovereign and they pass decrees

against the people in the people's name。 Such is their martial law;

specially devised for 〃suppressing the uprising of citizens〃; that is

to say; the only means left to us against conspirators; monopolists;

and traitors。 Such a decree again
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