the origins of contemporary france-3-第28部分

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the　intruder；　and　the　touchiness　of　the　parvenu；　we　can　add　the

rigidity　of　the　sectarian。　The　Jacobins；　in　the　name　of　abstract

rights；　deny　historic　rights；　they　impose　from　above；　and　by　force；

that　truth　of　which　they　are　the　apostles；　and　allow　themselves　every

provocation　which　they　prohibit　to　others。



〃Let　us　tell　Europe；〃　cries　Isnard；＇53＇　〃that　ten　millions　of

Frenchmen；　armed　with　the　sword；　with　the　pen；　with　reason；　with

eloquence；　might；　if　provoked；　change　the　face　of　the　world　and　make

tyrants　tremble　on　their　thrones　of　clay。〃



〃Wherever　a　throne　exists；〃　says　Hérault　de　Séchelles；　〃there　is　an

enemy。〃＇54＇



　〃An　honest　peace　between　tyranny　and　liberty；〃　says　Brissot；　〃is

impossible。　　Our　Constitution　is　an　eternal　anathema　to　absolute

monarchs　。　。　。　　It　places　them　on　trial；　it　pronounces　judgment　on

them；　it　seems　to　say　to　each：　to…morrow　thou　have　ceased　to　be　or

shalt　be　king　only　through　the　people。　。　。　War　is　now　a　national

benefit；　and　not　to　have　war　is　the　only　calamity　to　be　dreaded。〃　＇55＇



　〃　Tell　the　king；〃　says　Gensonné；　〃that　the　war　is　a　must；　that　public

opinion　demands　it；　that　the　safety　of　the　empire　makes　it　a　law。〃＇56＇



　〃The　state　we　are　in；〃　concludes　Vergniaud；　〃is　a　veritable　state　of

destruction　that　may　lead　us　to　disgrace　and　death。　So　then　to　arms！

to　arms！　Citizens；　freemen；　defend　your　liberty；　confirm　the　hopes　of

that　of　the　human　race。　。　。　Lose　not　the　advantage　of　your　position。

Attack　now　that　there　is　every　sign　of　complete　success。　。　。　The

spirits　of　past　generations　seem　to　me　crowding　into　this　temple　to

conjure　you；　in　the　name　of　the　evils　which　slavery　had　compelled　them

to　endure；　to　protect　the　future　generations　whose　destinies　are　in

your　hands！　　Let　this　prayer　be　granted！　Be　for　the　future　a　new

Providence！　Ally　yourselves　with　eternal　justice！〃＇57＇



Among　the　Marseilles　speakers　there　is　no　longer　any　room　for　serious

discussion。　　Brissot；　in　reply　to　the　claim　made　by　the　Emperor　on

behalf　of　the　princes'　property　in　Alsatia；　replies　that　〃the

sovereignty　of　the　people　is　not　bound　by　the　treaties　of

tyrants。〃＇58＇　　As　to　the　gatherings　of　the　émigrés；　the　Emperor　having

yielded　on　this　point；　he　will　yield　on　the　others。＇59＇　　Let　him

formally　renounce　all　combinations　against　France。



　〃I　want　war　on　the　10th　of　February；〃　says　Brissot；　〃unless　we　have

received　his　renunciation。〃



No　explanations；　it　is　satisfaction　we　want；　〃to　require　satisfaction

is　to　put　the　Emperor　at　our　mercy。〃＇60＇　　The　Assembly；　so　eager　to

start　the　quarrel；　usurps　the　King's　right　to　take　the　first　step　and

formally　declares　war；　fixing　the　date。＇61＇　　The　die　is　now　cast。



　〃They　want　war；〃　says　the　Emperor；　〃and　they　shall　have　it。〃



Austria　immediately　forms　an　alliance　with　Prussia；　threatened；　like

herself；　with　revolutionary　propaganda。＇62＇　　By　sounding　the　alarm

belles　the　Jacobins；　masters　of　the　Assembly；　have　succeeded　in

bringing　about　that　〃monstrous　alliance；〃　and；　from　day　to　day；　this

alarm　sounds　the　louder。　One　year　more；　thanks　to　this　policy；　and

France　will　have　all　Europe　for　an　enemy　and　as　its　only　friend；　the

Regency　of　Algiers；　whose　internal　system　of　government　is　about　the

same　as　her　own。







IV。



Secret　motives　of　the　leaders。　　Their　control　compromised　by　peace。

　Discontent　of　the　rich　and　cultivated　class。　　Formation　and

increase　of　the　party　of　order。　　The　King　and　this　party　reconciled。



Behind　their　carmagnoles＇63＇　　we　can　detect　a　design　which　they　will

avow　later　on。



　〃We　were　always　obstructed　by　the　Constitution；〃　Brissot　is　to　say；

〃and　nothing　but　war　could　destroy　the　Constitution。〃＇64＇



Diplomatic　wrongs；　consequently；　of　which　they　make　parade；　are　simply

pretexts；　if　they　urge　war　it　is　for　the　purpose　of　overthrowing　the

legal　order　of　things　which　annoys　them；　their　real　object　is　the

conquests　of　power；　a　second　internal　revolution；　the　application　of

their　system　and　a　final　state　of　equality。　Concealed　behind　them　is

the　most　politic　and　absolute　of　theorists；　a　man　〃whose　great　art　is

the　attainment　of　his　ends　without　showing　himself；　the　preparation　of

others　for　far…sighted　views　of　which　they　have　no　suspicion；　and　that

of　speaking　but　little　in　public　and　acting　in　secret。〃＇65＇　This　man

is　Sieyès；　〃the　leader　of　everything　without　seeming　to　lead

anything。〃＇66＇　　As　infatuated　as　Rousseau　with　his　own　speculations；

but　as　unscrupulous　and　as　clear…sighted　as　Macchiavelli　in　the

selection　of　practical　means；　he　was；　is；　and　will　be；　in　decisive

moments；　the　consulting　counsel　of　radical　democracy。



〃His　pride　tolerates　no　superiority。　He　causes　nobility　to　be

abolished　because　he　is　not　a　noble；　because　he　does　not　possess　all

he　will　destroy　all。　His　fundamental　doctrine　for　the　consolidation　of

the　Revolution　is；　that　it　is　indispensable　to　change　religion　and　to

change　the　dynasty。〃



Now；　had　peace　been　maintained　all　this　was　impossible；　moreover　the

ascendance　of　the　party　was　compromised。　　　Entire　classes　that　had

adhered　to　the　party　when　it　launched　insurrection　against　the

privileged；　broke　loose　from　it　now　that　insurrection　was　directed

against　them；　among　thoughtful　men　and　among　those　with　property；　most

were　disgusted　with　anarchy；　and　likewise　disgusted　with　the　abettors

of　it。　Many　administrators；　magistrates　and　functionaries　recently

elected；　loudly　complained　of　their　authority　being　subject　to　the

mob。　Many　cultivators；　manufacturers　and　merchants　have　become

silently　exasperated　at　the　fruits　of　their　labor　and　economy　being

surrendered　at　discretion　to　robbers　and　the　indigent。　It　was　hard　for

the　flour…dealers　of　Etampes　not　to　dare　send　away　their　wheat；　to　be

obliged　to　supply　customers　at　night；　to　tremble　in　their　own　houses；

and　to　know　that　if　they　went　out…doors　they　risked　their　lives。＇67＇

It　was　hard　for　wholesale　grocers　in　Paris　to　see　their　warehouses

invaded；　their　windows　smashed；　their　bags　of　coffee　and　boxes　of

sugar　valued　at　a　low　price；　parceled　out　and　carried　away　by　old　hags

or　taken　gratis　by　scamps　who　ran　off　and　sold　them　at　the　other　end

of　the　street。＇68＇　It　was　hard　in　all　places　for　the　families　of　the

old　bourgeoisie；　for　the　formerly　prominent　men　in　each　town　and

village；　for　the　eminent　in　each　art；　profession　or　trade；　for

reputable　and　well…to…do　people；　in　short；　for　the　majority　of　men　who

had　a　good　roof　over　their　heads　and　a　good　coat　on　their　backs；　to

undergo　the　illegal　domination　of　a　crowd　led　by　a　few　hundred　or

dozens　of　stump…speakers　and　firebrands。　　Already；　in　the　beginning

of　1792；　this　dissatisfaction　was　so　great　as　to　be　denounced　in　the

tribune　and　in　the　press。　Isnard＇69＇　railed　against　〃that　multitude　of

large　property…holders；　those　opulent　merchants；　those　haughty；

wealthy　personages　who；　advantageously　placed　in　the　social

amphitheater；　are　unwilling　to　have　their　seats　changed。〃　The

bourgeoisie；〃　wrote　Pétion；＇70＇　〃that　numerous　class　free　of　any

anxiety；　is　separating　itself　from　the　people；　it　considers　itself

above　them；　。　。　。　they　are　the　sole　object　of　its　distrust。　It　is

everywhere　haunted　by　the　one　idea　that　the　revolution　is　a　war

between　those　who　have　and　those　who　have　not。〃　　It　abstains；

indeed；　from　the　elections；　it　keeps　away　from　patriotic　clubs；　it

demands　the　restoration　of　order　and　the　reign　of　law；　it　rallies　to

itself　〃the　multitude　of　conservative；　timid　people；　for　whom

tranquility　is　the　prime　necessity；〃　and　especially；　which　is　still

more　serious；　it　charges　the　disturbances　upon　their　veritable

authors。　　With　suppressed　indignation　and　a　mass　of　undisputed

evidence；　André　Chénier；　a　man　of　feeling；　starts　up　in　the　midst　of

the　silent　crowd　and　openly　tears　off　the　mask　from　the　Jacobins。＇71＇

He　brings　into　full　light　the　daily　sophism　by　which　a　mob；　〃some

hundreds　of　idlers　gathered　in　a　garden　or　at　a　theater；　are

impudently　called　the　people。〃　He　portrays　those　〃three　or　four

thousand　usurpers　of　national　sovereignty　whom　their　orators　and

writers　daily　intoxicate　with　grosser　incense　than　any　adulation

offered　to　the　worst　of　despots；〃　those　assemblies　where　〃an

infinitely　small　number　of　French　appears　large；　because　they　are

united　and　yell；〃　that　Paris　club　from　which　honest；　industrious；

intelligent　people　had　withdrawn　one　by　one　to　give　place　to

intriguers　in　debt；　to　persons　of　tarnished　reputations；　to　the

hypocrites　of　patriotism；　to　the　lovers　of　uproar；　to　abortive

talents；　to　corrupted　intellects；　to　outcasts　of　every　kind　and　degree

who；　unable　to　manage　their　own　business；　indemnify　themselves　by

managing　that　of　the　public。　He　shows　how；　around　the　central　factory

and　its　twelve　hundred　branches　of　insurrection；　the　twelve　hundred

affiliated　clubs；　which；　〃holding　each　other's　hands；　form　a　sort　of

electric　chain　around　all　France〃　and　giving　it　a　shock　at　every　touch

from　the　center；　their　confederation；　installed　and　enthroned；　is　not

only　as　a　State　within　the　State；　but　rather　as　a　sovereign　State　in　a

vassal　State；　summoning　their　administrative　bodies　to　their　bar；

judicial　verdicts　set　aside　through　their　intervention；　private

individuals　searched；　assessed　and　condemned　through　their　verdicts。

All　this　constitutes　a　steady；　systematic　defense　of　insubordination

and　revolt；　as；　〃under　the　name　　of　hoarding　and　monopoly；　commerce

and　industry　are　described　as　misdemeanors；〃　property　is　unsettled　and

every　rich　man　rendered　suspicious；　〃talent　and　integrity　silenced。〃

In　short；　a　public　conspiracy　made　against　society　in　the　very　name　of

society；　〃while　the　sacred　symbol　of　liberty　is　made　use　of　as　a　seal〃

to　exempt　a　few　tyrants　from　punishment。　Such　a　protest　said　aloud

what　most　Frenchmen　muttered　to　themselves；　and　from　month　to　month；

graver　excesses　exited　greater　censure。



〃Anarchy