the origins of contemporary france-3-第29部分

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graver　excesses　exited　greater　censure。



〃Anarchy　exists＇72＇　to　a　degree　scarcely　to　be　paralleled；　wrote　the

ambassador　of　the　United　States。　The　horror　and　apprehension；　which

the　licentious　associations　have　universally　inspired；　are　such　that

there　is　reason　to　believe　that　the　great　mass　of　the　French

population　would　consider　even　despotism　a　blessing；　if　accompanied

with　that　security　to　persons　and　property；　experienced　even　under　the

worst　governments　in　Europe。〃



Another　observer；　not　less　competent；＇73＇　says：



〃it　is　plain　to　my　eyes　that　when　Louis　XVI。　finally　succumbed；　he　had

more　partisans　in　France　than　the　year　previous；　at　the　time　of　his

flight　to　Varennes。〃



The　truth　of　this；　indeed；　was　frequently　verified　at　the　end　of　1791

and　beginning　of　1792；　by　various　investigations。＇74＇　　〃Eighteen

thousand　officers　of　every　grade；　elected　by　the　constitutionalists；

seventy…one　department　administrations　out　of　eighty…two；　most　of　the

tribunals；＇75＇　all　traders　and　manufacturers；　every　chief　and　a　large

portion　of　the　National　Guard　of　Paris；〃　in　short；　the　élite　of　the

nation；　and　among　citizens　generally；　the　great　majority　who　lived

from　day　to　day　were　for　him；　and　for　the　〃Right〃　of　the　Assembly

against　the　〃Left〃。　　　If　internal　trouble　had　not　been　complicated　by

external　difficulties；　there　would　have　been　a　change　in　opinion；　and

this　the　King　expected。　In　accepting　the　Constitution；　he　thought　that

its　defects　would　be　revealed　in　practical　operation　and　that　they

would　lead　to　a　reform。　In　the　mean　time　he　scrupulously　observed　the

Constitution；　and；　through　interest　as　well　as　conscience；　kept　his

oath　to　the　letter。　〃The　most　faithful　execution　of　the　Constitution；〃

he　said　to　one　of　his　ministers；　〃is　the　surest　way　to　make　the　nation

see　the　changes　that　ought　to　be　made　in　it。〃＇76＇　　　In　other　words；

he　counted　on　experience；　and　it　is　very　probable　that　if　there　had

been　nothing　to　interfere　with　experience；　his　calculations　would　have

finally　chosen　between　the　defenders　of　order　and　the　instigators　of

disorder。　It　would　have　decided　for　the　magistrates　against　the　clubs；

for　the　police　against　rioters；　for　the　king　against　the　mob。　In　one

or　two　years　more　it　would　have　learned　that　a　restoration　of　the

executive　power　was　indispensable　for　securing　the　execution　of　the

laws；　that　the　chief　of　police；　with　his　hands　tied；　could　not　do　his

duty；　that　it　was　undoubtedly　wise　to　give　him　his　orders；　but　that　if

he　was　to　be　of　any　use　against　knaves　and　fools；　his　hands　should

first　be　set　free。









V。



Effects　of　the　war　on　the　common　people。　Its　alarms　and　fury。　　The

second　revolutionary　outburst　and　its　characteristics。　　Alliance　of

the　Girondists　with　the　mob。　　The　red　cap　and　pikes。　　Universal

substitution　of　government　by　force　for　government　by　law。



Just　the　contrary　with　war；　the　aspect　of　things　changes；　and　the

alternative　is　the　other　way。　It　is　no　longer　a　choice　between　order

and　disorder；　but　between　the　new　and　the　old　regime；　for；　behind

foreign　opponents　on　the　frontier；　there　stand　the　émigrés。　The

commotion　is　terrible；　especially　amongst　the　lower　classes　which

mainly　bore　the　whole　weight　of　the　old　establishment；　among　the

millions　who　live　by　the　sweat　of　their　brow；　artisans；　small　farmers；

métayers；　day…laborers　and　soldiers；　also　the　smugglers　of　salt　and

other　articles；　poachers；　vagabonds；　beggars　and　half…beggars；　who；

taxed；　plundered；　and　harshly　treated　for　centuries；　have　to　endure；

from　father　to　son；　poverty；　oppression　and　disdain。　They　know　through

their　own　experience　the　difference　between　their　late　and　their

present　condition。　They　have　only　to　fall　back　on　personal　knowledge

to　revive　in　their　imaginations　the　enormous　royal；　ecclesiastical；

and　seignorial　taxes；　the　direct　tax　of　eighty…one　per　cent。；　the

bailiffs　in　charge；　the　seizures　and　the　husbandry　service；　the

inquisition　of　excise　men；　of　inspectors　of　the　salt　tax；　wine　tax

（rats　de　cave）　and　game…keepers；　the　ravages　of　wild　birds　and　of

pigeons；　the　extortions　of　the　collector　and　his　clerk；　the　delay　and

partiality　in　obtaining　justice；　the　rashness　and　brutality　of　the

police；　the　kicks　and　cuffs　of　the　constabulary；　the　poor　wretches

gathered　like　heaps　of　dirt　and　filth；　the　promiscuousness；　the　over…

crowding；　the　filth　and　the　starvation　of　the　prisons。＇77＇　　They　have

simply　to　open　their　eyes　to　see　their　immense　deliverance；　all　direct

or　indirect　taxes　for　the　past　two　years　legally　abolished　or

practically　suppressed；　beer　at　two　pennies　a　pot；　wine　at　six；

pigeons　in　their　meat…safes；　game　on　their　turn…spits；　the　wood　of　the

national　forests　in　their　lofts；　the　gendarmerie　timid；　the　police

absent；　in　many　places　the　crops　all　theirs；　the　owner　not　daring　to

claim　his　share；　the　judge　avoiding　condemning　them；　the　constable

refusing　to　serve　papers　on　them；　privileges　restored　in　their　favor；

the　public　authorities　cringing　to　the　crowds　and　yielding　to　their

exactions；　remaining　quiet　or　unarmed　in　the　face　of　their　misdeeds；

their　outrages　excused　or　tolerated；　their　superior　good　sense　and

deep　feeling　lauded　in　thousands　of　speeches；　the　jacket　and　the

blouse　　considered　as　symbols　of　patriotism；　and　supremacy　in　the

State　claimed　for　the　sans…culottes＇78＇　in　the　name　their　merits　and

their　virtues。　　And　now　the　overthrow　of　all　this　is　announced　to

them；　a　league　against　them　of　foreign　kings；　the　emigrants　in　arms；

an　invasion　imminent；　the　Croats　and　Pandours　in　the　field；　hordes　of

mercenaries　and　barbarians　crowding　down　on　them　again　to　put　them　in

chains。　　From　the　workshop　to　the　cottage　there　rolls　along　a

formidable　outburst　of　anger；　accompanied　with　national　songs；

denouncing　the　plots　of　tyrants　and　summoning　the　people　to　arms。＇79＇

This　is　the　second　wave　of　the　Revolution；　fast　swelling　and　roaring；

less　general　than　the　first；　since　it　bears　along　with　it　but　little

more　than　the　lower　class；　but　higher　and　much　more　destructive。



Not　only；　indeed；　is　the　mass　now　launched　forth　coarse　and　crude；　but

a　new　sentiment　animates　it；　the　force　of　which　is　incalculable；　that

of　plebeian　pride；　that　of　the　poor　man；　the　subject；　who；　suddenly

erect　after　ages　of　debasement；　relishes；　far　beyond　his　hopes　and

unstintedly；　the　delights　of　equality；　independence；　and　dominion。

〃Fifteen　millions　white　Negroes；〃　says　Mallet　du　Pan；＇80＇　worse　fed；

more　miserable　than　those　of　St。　Domingo；　like　them　rebelled　and　freed

from　all　authority　by　their　revolt；　accustomed　like　them；　through

thirty　months　of　license；　to　ruling　over　all　that　is　left　of　their

former　masters；　proud　like　them　of　the　restoration　of　their　caste　and

exulting　in　their　horny　hands。　One　may　imagine　their　transports　of

rage　on　hearing　the　trumpet…blast　which　awakens　them；　showing　them　on

the　horizon　the　returning　planters；　bringing　with　them　new　whips　and

heavier　manacles？　　Nothing　is　more　distrustful　than　such　a　sentiment

in　such　breasts　　quickly　alarmed；　ready　to　strike；　ready　for　any　act

of　violence；　blindly　credulous；　headlong　and　easily　impelled；　not

merely　against　real　enemies　on　the　outside；　but　at　first　against

imaginary　enemies　on　the　inside；＇81＇　but　also　against　the　King；　the

ministers；　the　gentry；　priests；　parliamentarians；　orthodox　Catholics；

against



all　administrators　and　magistrates　imprudent　enough　to　have　appealed

to　the　law；



all　manufacturers；　merchants；　and　owners　of　property　who　condemn

disorder；



the　wealthy　whose　egotism　keeps　them　at　home；



all　those　who　are　well…off；　well…bred　and　well…dressed。



They　are　all　under　suspicion　because　they　have　lost　by　the　new　regime；

or　because　they　have　not　adopted　its　ways。　　Such　is　the　colossal

brute　which　the　Girondins　introduce　into　the　political　arena。＇82＇　For

six　months　they　shake　red　flags　before　its　eyes；　goad　it　on；　work　it

up　into　a　rage　and　drive　it　forward　by　decrees　and　proclamations；



*　against　their　adversaries　and　against　its　keepers；



*　against　the　nobles　and　the　clergy；



*　against　aristocrats　inside　France　in　complicity　with　those　of

Coblentz；



*　against　〃the　Austrian　committee〃　the　accomplice　of　Austria；



*　against　the　King；　whose　caution　they　transform　into　treachery；



*　against　the　whole　government　to　which　they　impute　the　anarchy　they

excite；　and　the　war　of　which　they　themselves　are　the　instigators。＇83＇



Thus　over…excited　and　topsy…turvy；　the　proletariat　require　only　arms

and　a　rallying…point。　The　Girondins　furnish　both。　Through　a　striking

coincidence；　one　which　shows　that　the　plan　was　concerted；＇84＇　they

start　three　political　engines　at　the　same　time。　Just　at　the　moment

when；　through　their　deliberate　saber…rattling；　they　made　war

inevitable；　they　invented　popular　insignia　and　armed　the　poor。　At　the

end　of　January；　1792；　almost　during　one　week；　they　announced　their

ultimatum　to　Austria　using　a　fixed　deadline；　they　adopted　the　red

woolen　cap　and　began　the　manufacture　of　pikes。　　It　is　evident　that

pikes　are　of　no　use　in　the　open　field　against　cannon　and　a　regular

army；　accordingly　the　are　intended　for　use　in　the　interior　and　in

towns。　Let　the　national…guard　who　can　pay　for　his　uniform；　and　the

active　citizen　whose　three　francs　of　direct　tax　gives　him　a　privilege；

own　their　guns；　the　stevedore；　the　market…porter；　the　lodger；　the

passive　citizen；　whose　poverty　excludes　them　from　voting　must　have

their　pikes；　and；　in　these　insurrectionary　times；　a　ballot　is　not

worth　a　good　pike　wielded　by　brawny　arms。　　　The　magistrate　in　his

robes　may　issue　any　summons　he　pleases；　but　it　will　be　rammed　down　his

throat；　and；　lest　he　should　be　in　doubt　of　this　he　is　made　to　know　it

beforehand。　〃The　Revolution　began　with　pikes　and　pikes　will　finish

it。〃＇85＇　　〃Ah；〃　say　the　regulars　of　the　Tuileries　gardens；　〃if　the

good　patriots　of　the　Champs　de　Mars　only