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the origins of contemporary france-3-第30部分

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it。〃'85'  〃Ah;〃 say the regulars of the Tuileries gardens; 〃if the

good patriots of the Champs de Mars only had had pikes like these the

blue…coats (Lafayette's guards) would not have had such a good hand!〃

… 〃They are to be used everywhere; wherever there are enemies of the

people; to the Chateau; if any can be found there!〃 They will override

the veto and make sure that the National Assembly will approve the

good laws。 To this purpose; the Faubourg St。 Antoine volunteers its

pikes; and; to mark the use made of them; it complains that 〃efforts

are made to substitute an aristocracy of wealth for the omnipotence of

inherited rank。〃  It demands 〃severe measures against the rascally

hypocrites who; with the Constitution in their hands; slaughter the

people。〃 It declares that 〃kings; ministers and a civil list will pass

away; but that the rights of man; national sovereignty and pikes will

not pass away;〃 and; by order of the president; the National Assembly

thanks the petitioners; 〃for the advice their zeal prompts them to

give。



The leaders of the Assembly and the people armed with pikes unite

against the rich; against Constitutionalists; against the government;

and henceforth; the Jacobin extremists march side by side with the

Girondins; both reconciled for the attack but reserved their right to

disagree until after the victory。



 〃The object of the Girondists'86' is not a republic in name; but an

actual republic through a reduction of the civil lists to five

millions; through the curtailment of most of the royal prerogatives;

through a change of dynasty of which the new head would be a sort of

honorary president of the republic to which they would assign an

executive council appointed by the Assembly; that is to say; by

themselves。〃 As to the Jacobin extremists we find no principle with

them but 〃that of a rigorous; absolute application of the Rights of

Man。 With the aid of such a charter they aim at changing the laws and

public officers every six months; at extending their leveling process

to every constituted authority; to all legal pre…eminence and to

property。 The only regime they long for is the democracy of a

contentious rabble。 。 。  The vilest instruments; professional

agitators; brigands; fanatics; every sort of wretch; the hardened and

armed poverty…stricken; who; in wild disorder〃 march to the attack of

property and to 〃universal pillage〃 in short; barbarians of town and

country  〃who form their ordinary army and never leave it inactive one

single day。〃 … Under their universal; concerted and growing usurpation

the substance of power melts wholly away in the hand of the legal

authorities; little by little; these are reduced to vain counterfeits;

while from one end of France; to the other; long before the final

collapse; the party; in the provinces as well as at Paris;

substitutes; under the cry of public danger; a government of might for

the government of law。

_______________________________________________________________________



NOTES:



'1' Mercure de France; September 24; 1791。  Cf。 Report of M。 Alquier

(session of Sept。 23)。



'2' Mercure de France; Oct。 15; 1792 (the treaty with England was

dated Sep。 26; 1786)。   Ibid。; Letter of M。 Walsh; superior of the

Irish college; to the municipality of Paris。 Those who use the whips;

come out of a neighboring grog…shop。 The commissary of police; who

arrives with the National Guard; 〃addresses the people; and promises

them satisfaction;〃  requiring M。 Walsh to dismiss all who are in the

chapel; without waiting for the end of the mass。  M。 Walsh refers to

the law and to treaties。  The commissary replies that he knows

nothing about treaties; while the commandant of the national guard

says to those who laving the chapel; 〃In the name of human justice; I

order you to follow me to the church of Saint…Etienne; or I shall

abandon you to the people。〃



'3' 〃The French Revolution;〃 Vol。 I。 pp。261; 263。  〃Archives

Nationales;〃 F7; 3185 and  3186 (numerous documents on the rural

disturbances in Aisne)。 … Mercure de  France; Nov。 5 and 26; Dec。 10;

1791。 … Moniteur; X。 426 (Nov。22; 1791)。



'4' Moniteur; X。 449; Nov。 23; 1791。 (Official report of the crew of

the Ambuscade; dated Sep。 30)。 The captain; M。 d'Orléans; stationed at

the Windward Islands; is obliged to return to Rochefort and is

detained there on board his ship: 〃Considering the uncertainty of his

mission; and the fear of being ordered to use the same hostilities

against brethren for which he is already denounced in every club in

the kingdom; the crew has forced the captain to  return to France。〃



'5' Mercure de France; Dec。 17; address of the colonists to the king。



'6' Moniteur; XIII。 200。 Report of Sautereau; July 20; on the affair

of Corporal Lebreton。 (Nov。 11; 1791)。



'7' Saint Huruge is first tenor。 Justine  (Sado…machosistic book by de

Sade) makes her appearance in the Palais…Royal about the middle of

1791。 They exhibit two pretended savages there; who; before a paying

audience; revive the customs of Tahiti。 (〃 Souvenirs of chancelier

Pasquier。 Ed。 Plon; 1893))





'8'  Mercure de France; Nov。 5; 1791。 … Buchez et Roux; XII。 338。

Report by Pétion; mayor; Dec。 9; 1791。 〃Every branch of the police is

in a state of complete neglect。 The streets are dirty; and full of

rubbish; robbery; and crimes of every kind; are increasing to a

frightful degree。〃 〃Correspondance de M。 de Sta?l〃 (manuscript); Jan。

22; 1792。 〃As the police is almost worthless; freedom from punishment;

added to poverty; brings on disorder。〃



'9' Moniteur; XI。 517 (session of Feb。 29; 1792)。 Speeches by de

Lacépède and de Mulot。



'10' Lacretelle; 〃Dix ans d'Epreuves。〃 〃I know no more dismal and

discouraging aspect than the interval between the departure of the

National Assembly; on the 10th August consummated by that of September

2。〃



'11' Mercure de France; Sept。 3; 1791; article by Mallet du Pan。



'12' Moniteur; XI。 317 (session of Feb。 6; 1792)。 Speech by M。 Cahier;

a minister。 Many of the emigrants belong to the class formerly called

the Third…Estate。 No reason for emigrating; on their part; can be

supposed but that of religious anxieties。〃



'13' Decree of Nov。 9; 1791。 The first decree seems to be aimed only

at the armed gatherings on the frontier。 We see; however; by the

debates; that it affects all emigrants。 The decrees of Feb。 9 and

March 30; 1792; bear upon all; without exception。  〃Correspondance

de Mirabeau et du Comte de la Marck;〃  III。 264 (letter by M。 Pellenc;

Nov。 12; 1791) The decree (against the emigrants) was prepared in

committee; it was expected that the emigrants would return; but there

was fear of them。 It was feared that the nobles; associated with the

unsworn priests in the rural districts; might add strength to a

troublesome resistance。 The decree; as it was passed; seemed to be the

most suitable for keeping the emigrants beyond the frontiers。〃



'14' Decree of Feb。 1; 1792。  Moniteur; XI。 412 (session of Feb。

17)。 Speech by Goupilleau。 〃Since the decree of the National Assembly

on passports; emigrations have redoubled。〃 People evidently escaped

from France as from a prison。



'15' Decrees of June 18 and August 25。



'16' Decree of June 19。   Moniteur; XIII。 331。 〃In execution of the

law 。 。 。  there will be burnt; on Tuesday; August 7; on the Place

Vend?me; at 2 o'clock: 1st; 600; more or less; of files of papers;

forming the last of genealogical collections; titles and  proofs of

nobility; 2nd; about 200 files; forming part of a work composed of 263

volumes; on the Order of the Holy Ghost。〃



'17' Decree of Nov。 29; 1791。 (This decree is not in Duvergier's

collection~)   Moniteur;  XII。  59; 247 (sessions of April 5 and 28;

1792)。



'18' At the Jacobin Club; Legendre proposes a much a more expeditious

measure for getting rid of the priests。 〃At Brest; he says; boats are

found which are called Marie…Salopes; so constructed that; on being

loaded with dirt; they go out of the harbor themselves。 Let us have a

similar arrangement for priests; but; instead of sending them out of

the harbor; let us send them out to sea; and; if necessary; let them

go down。〃 (〃Journal de Amis de la Constitution;〃 number 194; May 15;

1792。)



'19' Moniteur; XII。 560 (decree of June 3)。



'20' Decrees of July 19 and Aug。 4; completed by those of Aug。 16 and

19。



'21' Moniteur; XII。 59; 61 (session of April 3); X。 374 (session of

Nov。 13; XII 230 (session of April 26)。  The last sentence quoted

was uttered by Fran?ois de Nantes。



'22' Moniteur; XI。 43。 (session of Jan。 5; speech by Isnard)。



'23' Moniteur; XI。 356 (session of Feb。 10)。



'24' Moniteur; XI。 230 (session of April 26)。



'25'  When I was a child the socialists etc。 had substituted

aristocracy with capitalists and today; in France; when the

capitalists have largely disappeared; a great many evils are caused by

the 'patronat'。 (SR)。



'26' Moniteur (session of June 22)。



'27' The words of Brissot (Patriote Fran?ais); number 887。  Letter

addressed Jan。 5 to the club of Brest; by Messrs。 Cavalier and

Malassis; deputies to the National Assembly: 〃As to the matter of the

sieur Lajaille; even though we would have taken an interest in him;

that decorated aristocrat only deserved what he got。 。 。 We shall not

remain idle until all these traitors; these perjurers; whom we have

spared so long; shall be exterminated〃 (Mercure de France; Feb。 4)。 

This Jaille affair is one of the most instructive; and the best

supported by documents (Mercure de France; Dec。10 and 17)。 

〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3215; official report of the district

administrators; and of the municipal officers of Brest; Nov。 27; 1791。

 Letter by M。 de Marigny; commissary in the navy; at Brest; Nov。 28。

 Letters by M。 de la Jaille; etc。  M。 de la Jaille; sent to Brest

to take command of the Dugay…Trouin
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