the origins of contemporary france-3-第33部分

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transports；　they　obliged　the　poor　farmer；　still　pale　and　trembling；

and　whom　they　were　just　going　to　hang　on　its　branches；　to　drink　and

dance　along　with　them　around　the　tree　of　liberty。〃



＇82＇　Lacretelle；　〃Dix　ans　d'Epreuves；〃　78。　〃The　Girondists　wanted　to

fashion　a　Roman　people　out　of　the　dregs　of　Romulus；　and；　what　is

worse；　out　of　the　brigands　of　the　5th　of　October。〃



＇83＇　　These　pages　must　have　made　a　strong　impression　upon　Lenin　when

he　read　them　in　the　National　Library　in　Paris　around　1907。　（SR）。



＇84＇　Lafayette；　I。　442。　〃The　Girondists　sought　in　the　war　an

opportunity　for　attacking　with　advantage；　the　constitutionalists　of

1791　and　their　institutions。〃　　Brissot　（Address　to　my　constituents）。

〃We　sought　in　the　war　an　opportunity　to　set　traps　for　the　king；　to

expose　his　bad　faith　and　his　relationship　with　the　emigrant　princes。〃

…　Moniteur；　（session　of　April　3；　1793）。　Speech　by　Brissot：　〃'I　had

told　the　Jacobins　what　my　opinion　was；　and　had　proved　to　them　that　war

was　the　sole　means　of　unveiling　the　perfidy　of　Louis　XVI。　The　event

has　justified　my　opinion。〃　　Buchez　et　Roux；　VIII。　60；　216；　217。　The

decree　of　the　Legislative　Assembly　is　dated　Jan。　25；　the　first　money

voted　by　a　club　for　the　making　of　pikes　is　on　Jan。　31；　and　the　first

article　by　Brissot；　on　the　red　cap；　is　on　Feb。　6。



＇85＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XIII。　　217　（proposal　of　a　woman；　member　of　the

club　of　l'Evêché；　Jan。　31；　1792）。　　Articles　in　the　Gazette

Universelle；　Feb。11；　and　in　the　Patriote　Fran？ais；　Feb。　13。　…

Moniteur；　　XI。　576　（session　of　March　6）。　…　Buchez　et　Roux；　XV。

（session　of　June　10）。　Petition　of　8；000　national　guards　in　Paris：

〃This　faction　which　stirs　up　popular　vengeance　。　。　。　which　seeks　to

put　the　caps　of　labor　in　conflict　with　the　military　casques；　the　pike

with　the　gun；　the　rustic's　dress　with　the　uniform。〃



＇86＇　Mallet　du　Pan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II　429　（note　of　July；　1792）。　…　Mercure

de　France；　　March　10；　1792；　article　by　Mallet　du　Pan。









CHAPTER　IV。　　The　Departments。



I。



Provence　in　1792。　　Early　supremacy　of　the　Jacobins　in　Marseilles。　

Composition　of　the　party。　　The　club　and　the　municipality。　

Expulsion　of　the　〃Earnest〃　regiment。



Should　you　like　to　see　the　revolutionary　tree　when；　for　the　first

time；　it　came　fully　into　leaf；　it　is　in　the　department　of　the　Bouches…

du…Rh？ne　you　have　to　look。　　Nowhere　else　had　it　been　so　precocious；

nowhere　were　local　circumstances　and　native　temperament　so　well

adapted　to　enhance　its　growth。　　〃　A　blistering　sky；　an　excessive

climate；　an　arid　soil；　rocks；　。　。　。　savage　rivers；　torrential　or　dry

or　overburdened；〃　blinding　dust；　nerves　upset　by　steady　northern

blasts　or　by　the　intermittent　gusts　of　the　sirocco。　　A　sensual　race

choleric　and　impetuous；　with　no　intellectual　or　moral　ballast；　in

which　the　mixture　of　Celt　and　Latin　has　destroyed　the　humane　suavity

of　the　Celt　and　the　serious　earnestness　of　the　Roman；　〃complete；

tough；　powerful；　and　restless　men；〃＇1＇　and　yet　gay；　spontaneous；

eloquent；　dupes　of　their　own　bombast；　suddenly　carried　away　by　a　flow

of　words　and　superficial　enthusiasm。　　Their　principal　city　numbering

120；000　souls；　in　which　commercial　and　maritime　risks　foster

innovating　and　adventurous　spirits；　in　which　the　sight　of　suddenly…

acquired　fortunes　expended　on　sensual　enjoyments　constantly　undermines

all　stability　of　Character；　in　which　politics；　like　speculation；　is　a

lottery　offering　its　prizes　to　audacity；　besides　all　this；　a　free　port

and　a　rendezvous　for　lawless　nomads；　　disreputable　people；　without

steady　trade；＇2＇　scoundrels；　and　blackguards；　who；　like　uprooted；

decaying　seaweed；　drift　from　coast　to　coast　around　the　entire　circle

of　the　Mediterranean　sea；　a　veritable　sink　filled　with　the　dregs　of

twenty　corrupt　and　semi…barbarous　civilizations；　where　the　scum　of

crime　cast　forth　from　the　prisons　of　Genoa；　Piedmont；　Sicily；　indeed；

of　all　Italy；　of　Spain；　of　the　Archipelago；　and　of　Barbary；3

accumulates　and　ferments。2　No　wonder　that；　in　such　a　time　the　reign　of

the　mob　should　be　established　there　sooner　than　elsewhere。＇3＇　　After

many　an　explosion；　this　reign　is　inaugurated　August　17；　1790；　by　the

removal　of　M。　Lieutaud；　a　sort　of　bourgeois；　moderate　Lafayette；　who

commands　the　National　Guard。　　　Around　him　rally　a　majority　of　the

population；　all　men　〃honest　or　not；　who　have　anything　to　lose。〃＇4＇

After　he　is　driven　out；　then　proscribed；　then　imprisoned；　they　resign

themselves；　and　Marseilles　belongs　to　the　low　class；　to　40；000

destitute　and　rogues　led　by　the　club。



The　better　to　ensure　their　empire；　the　municipality；　one　month　after

the　expulsion　of　M。　Lieutaud；　declared　every　citizen　〃active〃　who　had

any　trade　or　profession＇5＇；　the　consequence　is　that　vagabonds　attend

the　meetings　of　the　sections　in　contempt　of　constitutional　law。　　The

consequence；　was　that　property…owners　and　commercial　men　withdrew；

which　was　wise　on　their　part；　for　the　usual　demagogic　machinery　is　set

in　motion　without　delay。　　〃Each　section…assembly　is　composed　of　a

dozen　factious　spirits；　members　of　the　club；　who　drive　out　honest

people　by　displaying　cudgels　and　bayonets。　　The　deliberations　are

prepared　beforehand　at　the　club；　in　concert　with　the　municipality；　and

woe　to　him　who　refuses　to　adopt　them　at　the　meeting！　They　go　so　far　as

to　threaten　citizens　who　wish　to　make　any　remarks　with　instant　burial

in　the　cellars　under　the　churches。〃＇6＇　The　argument　proved

irresistible：　〃the　majority　of　honest　people　are　so　frightened　and　so

timid〃　that　not　one　of　them　dare　attend　these　meetings；　unless

protected　by　public　force。　　〃More　than　80；000　inhabitants　do　not　sleep

peacefully；〃　while　all　the　political　rights　are　vested　in　〃five　or　six

hundred　individuals；〃　legally　disqualified。　　Behind　them　marches　the

armed　rabble；　〃the　horde　of　brigands　without　a　country；〃＇7＇　always

ready　for　plundering；　murder；　and　hanging。　　In　front　of　them　march　the

local　authorities；　who；　elected　through　their　influence；　carry　on　the

administration　under　their　guidance。　　Patrons　and　clients；　members　of

the　club　and　its　satellites；　they　form　a　league　which　plays　the　part

of　a　sovereign　State；　scarcely　recognizing；　even　in　words；　the

authority　of　the　central　government。＇8＇　　The　decree　by　which　the

National　Assembly　gives　full　power　to　the　Commissioners　to　re…

establish　order　is　denounced　as　plébécide；　these　conscientious　and

cautious　moderators　are　qualified　as　〃dictators〃；　they　are　denounced

in　circular　letters　to　all　the　municipalities　of　the　department；　and

to　all　Jacobin　clubs　throughout　the　kingdom；＇9＇　the　club　is　somewhat

disposed　to　go　to　Aix　to　cut　off　their　heads　and　send　them　in　a　trunk

to　the　president　of　the　National　Assembly；　with　a　threat　that　the　same

penalty　awaits　himself　and　all　the　deputies　if　they　do　not　revoke

their　recent　decrees。　　A　few　days　after　this；　four　sections　draw　up　an

act　before　a　notary；　stating　the　measures　they　had　taken　towards

sending　an　army　of　6；000　men　from　Marseilles　to　Aix；　to　get　rid　of　the

three　intruders。　　The　commissioners　dare　not　enter　Marseilles；　where

〃gibbets　are　ready　for　them；　and　a　price　set　on　their　heads。〃　It　is　as

much　as　they　can　do　to　rescue　from　the　faction　M。　Lieutaud　and　his

friends；　who；　accused　of　lése…nation；　confined　without　a　shadow　of

proof；　treated　like　mad　dogs；　put　in　chains；＇10＇　shut　up　in　privies

and　holes；　and　obliged　to　drink　their　own　urine　for　lack　of　water；

impelled　by　despair　to　the　brink　of　suicide；　barely　escape　murder　a

dozen　times　in　the　courtroom　and　in　prison。＇11＇　　Against　the　decree　of

the　National　Assembly　ordering　their　release；　the　municipality　makes

reclamations；　contrives　delays；　resists；　and　finally　stirs　up　its

usual　instruments。　　Just　as　the　prisoners　are　about　to　be　released　a

crowd　of　〃armed　persons　without　uniform　or　officer；〃　constantly

increased　〃by　vagabonds　and　foreigners；〃　gathers　on　the　heights

overlooking　the　Palais　de　Justice；　and　makes　ready　to　fire　on　M。

Lieutaud。　　Summoned　to　proclaim　martial　law；　the　municipality　refuses；

declaring　that　〃the　general　detestation　of　the　accused　is　too

manifest〃；　it　demands　the　return　of　the　Swiss　regiment　to　its

barracks；　and　that　the　prisoners　remain　where　they　are；　the　only　thing

which　it　grants　them　is　a　secret　permission　to　escape；　as　if　they　were

guilty；　they；　accordingly；　steal　away　clandestinely　and　in

disguise。＇12＇　　　The　Swiss　regiment；　however；　which　prevents　the

magistrates　from　violating　the　law；　must　pay　for　its　insolence；　and；

as　it　is　incorruptible；　they　decide　to　drive　it　out　of　the　town。　　　For

four　months　the　municipality　multiplies　against　it　every　kind　of

annoyance；＇13＇　and；　on　the　16th　of　October；　1791；　the　Jacobins　provoke

a　row　in　the　theater　against　its　officers。　　The　same　night；　outside

the　theater；　four　of　these　are　attacked　by　armed　bands；　the　post　to

which　they　retreat　is　nearly　taken　by　assault；　they　are　led　to　a

prison　for　safety；　and　there　they　still　remain　five　days　afterwards；

〃although　their　innocence　is　admitted。〃　Meanwhile；　to　ensure　〃public

tranquility；〃　the　municipality　has　required　the　commander　of　the　post

to　immediately　replace　the　Swiss　Guard　with　National　Guards　on　all　the

military　posts；　the　latter　yields　to　force；　while　the　useless

regiment；　insulted　and　threatened；　has　nothing　to　do　but　to　pack

off。＇14＇　This　being　done；　the　new　municipality；　still　more　Jacobin

than　the　old　one；＇15＇　separates　Marseilles　from　France；　erects　the

city　into　a　marauding　republican　government；　gets　up　expeditions；

levies　contributions；　forms　alliances；　and　undertakes　an　armed

conquest　of　the　department。







II。　　The　expedition　to　Aix。



The　town　of　Marseilles　send　an　expedition　to　Aix。　　　The　regiment　is

disarmed。　　The　Directory　driven　out。　　Pressure　on　the　new

Directory。



The　first　thing　is　to　lay　its　hand　on　the　district　capital；　Aix；　where

the　Swiss　regiment　is　stationed　in　garrison　and　where　the　superior

authorit