the origins of contemporary france-3-第35部分

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of　4；500　men　sets　out　on　its　march　with　nineteen　pieces　of　cannon。



In　vain　the　commissioners　of　the　neighboring　departments；　sent　by　the

Minister；　represent　to　them　that　Arles　submits；　that　she　has　laid　down

her　arms；　and　that　the　town　is　now　garrisoned　with　troops　of　the　line；

　the　Marseilles　army　requires　the　withdrawal　of　this　garrison。　　In

vain　the　garrison　departs。　Rebecqui　and　his　acolytes　reply　that

〃nothing　will　divert　them　from　their　enterprise；　they　cannot　defer　to

anybody's　decision　but　their　own　in　relation　to　any　precaution　tending

to　ensure　the　safety　of　the　southern　departments。〃　　In　vain　the

Minister　renews　his　injunctions　and　counter…orders。　　The　Directory

replies　with　a　flagrant　falsehood；　stating　that　it　is　ignorant　of　the

affair　and　refuses　to　give　the　government　any　assistance。　　In　vain

M。　de　Wittgenstein；　commander…in…chief　in　the　south；　offers　his

services　to　the　Directory　to　repel　the　invaders。　　The　Directory

forbids　him　to　take　his　troops　into　the　territory　of　the

department。＇28＇　　Meanwhile；　on　the　29th　of　March；　the　Marseilles

army　effects　a　breach　with　its　cannon　in　the　walls　of　defenseless

Arles；　its　fortifications　are　demolished　and　a　tax　of　1；400；000　francs

is　levied　on　the　owners　of　property。　　In　contempt　of　the　National

Assembly's　decree　the　Mint　bandits；　the　longshoremen；　the　whole　of　the

lowest　class　again　take　up　their　arms　and　lord　it　over　the　disarmed

population。　Although　〃the　King's　commissioner　and　most　of　the　judges

have　fled；　jury　examinations　are　instituted　against　absentees；〃　the

juries　consisting　of　the　members　of　the　Mint　band。＇29＇　The　conquerors

imprison；　smite　and　slaughter　as　they　please。　Countless　peaceable

individuals　are　struck　down　and　mauled；　dragged　to　prison　and　many　of

them　are　mortally　wounded。　An　old　soldier；　eighty　years　of　age；

retired　to　his　country　home　three　months　earlier；　dies　after　twenty

days'　confinement　in　a　dungeon；　from　a　blow　received　in　the　stomach　by

a　rifle　butt；　women　are　flogged。　〃All　citizens　that　with　an　interest

in　law　and　order；〃　nearly　five　thousand　families；　have　emigrated；

their　houses　in　town　and　in　the　country　are　pillaged；　while　in　the

surrounding　boroughs；　along　the　road　leading　from　Arles　to　Marseilles；

the　villains　forming　the　hard　core　of　the　Marseilles　army；　rove　about

and　gorge　themselves　as　in　a　vanquished　country。＇30＇







They　eat　and　drink　voraciously；　force　the　closets；　carry　off　linen　and

food；　steal　horses　and　valuables；　smash　the　furniture；　tear　up　books；

and　burn　papers。＇31＇　All　this　is　only　the　appropriate　punishment　of

the　aristocrats。　　Moreover；　it　is　no　more　than　right　that　patriots

should　be　indemnified　for　their　toil；　and　a　few　blows　too　many　are　not

out　of　place　in　securing　the　rule　of　the　right　party。　　For　example；

on　the　false　report　of　order　being　disturbed　at　Chateau…Renard；　Bertin

and　Rebecqui　send　off　a　detachment　of　men；　while　the　municipal　body　in

uniform；　followed　by　the　National　Guard；　with　music　and　flags；　comes

forth　to　meet　and　salute　it。　Without　uttering　a　word　of　warning；　the

Marseilles　troop　falls　upon　the　cortège；　strikes　down　the　flags；

disarms　the　National　Guard；　tears　the　epaulettes　off　the　officers'

shoulders；　drags　the　mayor　to　the　ground　by　his　scarf；　pursues　the

counselors；　sword　in　hand；　puts　the　mayor　and　syndic…attorney　in

arrest；　and；　during　the　night；　sacks　four　dwellings；　the　whole　under

the　direction　of　three　Jacobins　of　the　place　under　indictment　for

recent　crimes　or　misdemeanors。　　Henceforth　at　Chateau…Renard　they　will

look　twice　before　subjecting　patriots　to　indictment。＇32＇　　At　Vélaux

〃the　country　house　of　the　late　seignior　is　sacked；　and　everything　is

carried　away；　even　to　the　tiles　and　window…glass。〃　A　troop　of　two

hundred　men　〃overrun　the　village；　levy　contributions；　and　put　all

citizens　who　are　well…off　under　bonds　for　considerable　sums。〃　Camo？n；

the　Marseille　chief；　one　of　the　new　department　administrators；　who　is

in　the　neighborhood；　lays　his　hand　on　everything　that　is　fit　to　be

taken；　and；　a　few　days　after　this；　30；000　francs　are　found　in　his

carpet…bag。…Taught　by　the　example　others　follow　and　the　commotion

spreads。　　In　every　borough　or　petty　town　the　club　profits　by　these

acts　to　satiate　its　ambition　its　greed；　and　its　hatred。　That　of　Apt

appeals　to　its　neighbors；　whereupon　1；500　National　Guards　of　Gordes；

St。　Saturnin；　Gouls　and　Lacoste；　with　a　thousand　women　and　children

armed　with　clubs　and　scythes；　arrive　one　morning　before　the　town。　　On

being　asked　by　whose　orders　they　come　in　this　fashion；　they　reply；　〃by

the　orders　which　their　patriotism　has　given　them。〃　　　〃The　fanatics；〃

or　partisans　of　the　sworn　priests；　〃are　the　cause　of　their　journey〃：

they　therefore　〃want　lodgings　at　the　expense　of　the　fanatics　only。〃

The　three　day's　occupation　results　for　the　latter　and　for　the　town　in

a　cost　of　20；000　livres。＇33＇　　They　begin　by　breaking　everything　in　the

church　of　the　Récollets；　and　wall　up　its　doors。　They　then　expel

unsworn　ecclesiastics　from　the　town；　and　disarm　their　partisans。　The

club　of　Apt；　which　is　the　sole　authority；　remains　in　session　three

days：　〃the　municipal　bodies　in　the　vicinity　appear　before　it；

apologize　for　themselves；　protest　their　civism；　and　ask　as　a　favor

that　no　detachment　be　sent　to　their　places。　　Individuals　are　sent　for

to　be　interrogated〃；　several　are　proscribed；　among　whom　are

administrators；　members　of　the　court；　and　the　syndic…attorney。　A

number　of　citizens　have　fled；　　the　town　is　purged；　while　the　same

purging　is　pursued　in　numbers　of　places　in　and　out　of　the

district。＇34＇　It　is；　indeed；　attractive　business。　　It　empties　the

purses　of　the　ill…disposed；　and　fills　the　stomachs　of　patriots；　it　is

agreeable　to　be　well　entertained；　and　especially　at　the　expense　of

one's　adversaries；　the　Jacobin　is　quite　content　to　save　the　country

through　a　round　of　feastings。　　Moreover；　he　has　the　satisfaction　of

playing　king　among　his　neighbors；　and　not　only　do　they　feed　him　for

doing　them　this　service；　but；　again；　they　pay　him　for　it。＇35＇　…　All

this　is　enlivening；　and　the　expedition；　which　is　a　〃sabbath；〃　ends　in

a　carnival。　　Of　the　two　Marseilles　divisions；　one；　led　back　to　Aix；

sets　down　to　〃a　grand　patriotic　feast；〃　and　then　dances　fandangoes；　of

which　〃the　principal　one　is　led　off　by　the　mayor　and　commandant〃；＇36＇

the　other　makes　its　entry　into　Avignon　the　same　day；　with　still

greater　pomp　and　jollity。







IV。



The　Jacobins　of　Avignon。　How　they　obtain　recruits。　…　…Their

robberies　in　the　Comtat。　　The　Avignon　municipality　in　flight　or　in

prison。　　Murder　of　Lécuyer　and　the　Glacière　massacre。　　　Entry　of

the　murderers；　supported　by　their　Marseilles　allies。　　　Jacobin

dictatorship　in　Vaucluse　and　the　Buches…du…Rh？ne。



Nowhere　else　in　France　was　there　another　nest　of　brigands　like　it：　not

that　a　great　misery　might　have　produced　a　more　savage　uprising；　on　the

contrary；　the　Comtat；　before　the　Revolution；　was　a　land　of　plenty。

There　was　no　taxation　by　the　Pope；　the　taxes　were　very　light；　and　were

expended　on　the　spot。　〃For　one　or　two　pennies；　one　here　could　have

meat；　bread；　and　wine。〃＇37＇　　But；　under　the　mild　and　corrupt

administration　of　the　Italian　legates；　the　country　had　become　〃the

safe　asylum　of　all　the　rogues　in　France；　Italy；　and　Genoa；　who　by

means　of　a　trifling　sum　paid　to　the　Pope's　agents；　obtained　protection

and　immunity。〃　　Smugglers　and　receivers　of　stolen　goods　abounded　here

in　order　to　break　through　the　lines　of　the　French　customs。　　〃Bands　of

robbers　and　assassins　were　formed；　which　the　vigorous　measures　of　the

parliaments　of　Aix　and　Grenoble　could　not　wholly　extirpate。　　Idlers；

libertines；　professional　gamblers；〃＇38＇　kept…cicisbeos；　schemers；

parasites；　and　adventurers；　mingle　with　men　with　branded　shoulders；

the　veterans　〃of　vice　and　crime；　〃the　scapegraces　of　the　Toulon　and

Marseilles　galleys。〃　Ferocity　here　is　hidden　in　debauchery；　like　a

serpent　hidden　in　its　own　slime；　here　all　that　is　required　is　some

chance　event　and　this　bad　place　will　be　transformed　into　a　death　trap。



The　Jacobin　leaders；　Tournal；　Rovère；　the　two　Duprats；　the　two

Mainvielles；　and　Lécuyer；　readily　obtain　recruits　in　this　sink。　…　They

begin；　aided　by　the　rabble　of　the　town　and　of　its　suburbs；　peasants

enemies　of　the　octroi；　vagabonds　opposed　to　order　of　any　kind；　porters

and　watermen　armed　with　scythes；　turnspits　and　clubs；　by　exciting

seven　or　eight　riots。　Then　they　drive　off　the　legate；　force　the

Councils　to　resign；　hang　the　chiefs　of　the　National　Guard　and　of　the

conservative　party；＇39＇　and　take　possession　of　the　municipal　offices。

After　this　their　band　increases　to　the　dimensions　of　an　army；　which；

with　license　for　its　countersign　and　pillage　for　its　pay；　is　the　same

as　that　of　Tilly　and　Wallenstein；　〃a　veritable　roving　Sodom；　at　which

the　ancient　city　would　have　stood　aghast。〃　Out　of　3；000　men；　only　200

belong　in　Avignon；　the　rest　are　composed　of　French　deserters；

smugglers；　fugitives　from　justice；　vagrant　foreigners；　marauders　and

criminals；　who；　scenting　a　prey；　come　from　afar；　and　even　from

Paris；＇40＇　along　with　them　march　the　women　belonging　to　them；　still

more　base　and　bloodthirsty。　　In　order　to　make　it　perfectly　plain　that

with　them　murder　and　robbery　are　the　order　of　the　day；　they　massacred

their　first　general；　Patrix；　guilty　of　having　released　a　prisoner；　and

elected　in　his　place　an　old　highway　tramp　named　Jourdan；　condemned　to

death　by　the　court　at　Valence；　but　who　had　escaped　on　the　eve　of　his

execution；　and　who　bore　the　nickname　of　Coupe…tête；　because　he　is　said

to　have　cut　off　the　heads　at　Versailles　of　two　of　the　King's

guards。＇41＇　　Under　such　a　commander　the　troop　increases　until　it

forms　a　body　of　five　or　six　thousand　men；　which　stops　people　in　the

streets　and　forcibly　enrolls　them；　they　are　called　Mandrins；　which　is

severe　for　Mandrin；＇42＇　because　their　war　is　not　merely　on　public

persons　and　property；　as　his　w