the origins of contemporary france-3-第43部分

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society　can　count　on　other　faithfuls。　　〃Brière；　wine…dealer；　Nicolas；

a　sapper　in　the　'Enfants　Trouvés'　battalion；　Gonor；　claiming　to　be　one

of　the　victors　of　the　Bastille；〃＇27＇　Rossignol；　an　old　soldier　and

afterwards　a　journeyman…jeweler；　who；　after　presiding　at　the　massacres

of　La　Force；　is　to　become　an　improvised　general　and　display　his

incapacity；　debauchery；　and　thievery　throughout　La　Vendée。　〃There　are

yet　more　of　them；〃　Huguenin　undoubtedly；　a　ruined　ex…lawyer；

afterwards　carabineer；　then　a　deserter；　next　a　barrier…clerk；　now

serving　as　spokesman　for　the　Faubourg　St。　Honoré　and　finally　president

of　the　September　commune；　there　was　also；　doubtless；　St。　Huruge　alias

Père　Adam；　　the　great　barker　of　the　Palais…Royal；　a　marquis　fallen

into　the　gutter；　drinking　with　and　dressing　like　a　common　porter；

always　flourishing　an　enormous　club　and　followed　by　the　riffraff。＇28＇

　These　are　all　the　leaders。　The　Jacobins　of　the　municipality　and　of

the　Assembly　confine　their　support　of　the　enterprise　to　conniving　at

it　and　to　giving　it　their　encouragement。＇29＇　　It　is　better　for　the

insurrection　to　seem　spontaneous。　Through　caution　or　shyness　the

Girondins；　Pétion；　Manual　and　Danton　himself；　keep　in　the　background　…

…　　there　is　not　reason　for　their　coming　forward。　　　The　rest；

affiliated　with　the　people　and　lost　in　the　crowd；　are　better　qualified

to　fabricate　the　story　which　their　flock　will　like。　This　tale；　adapted

to　the　crowd's　intellectual　limits；　form　and　activity；　is　both　simple

and　somber；　such　as　children　like；　or　rather　a　melodrama　taken　from　an

alien　stage　in　which　the　good　appear　on　one　side；　and　the　wicked　on

the　other　with　an　ogre　or　tyrant　in　the　center；　some　infamous　traitor

who　is　sure　to　be　unmasked　at　the　end　of　the　piece　and　punished

according　to　his　deserts；　the　whole　grandiloquent　terms　and；　as　a

finale；　winding　up　with　a　grand　chorus。　In　the　raw　brain　of　an　over…

excited　workman　politics　find　their　way　only　in　the　shape　of　rough…

hewn；　highly…colored　imagery；　such　as　is　furnished　by　the

Marseillaise；　the　Carmagnole；　and　the　？a　ira。　The　requisite　motto　is

adapted　to　his　use；　through　this　misshapen　magnifying　glass　the　most

gracious　figure　appears　under　a　diabolical　aspect。　Louis　XVI。　is

represented　here　〃as　a　monster　using　his　power　and　treasure　to　oppose

the　regeneration　of　the　French。　A　new　Charles　IX。；　he　desires　to　bring

on　France　death　and　desolation。　Be　gone；　cruel　man；　your　crimes　must

end！　Damiens　was　less　guilty　than　thou　art！　He　was　punished　with　the

most　horrible　torture　for　having　tried　to　rid　France　of　a　monster；

while　you；　attempting　twenty…five　million　times　more；　are　allowed　full

immunity！＇30＇　　Let　us　trample　under　our　feet　this　simulacra　of　royalty

！　Tremble　tyrants；　Sc？volas　are　still　amongst　you！〃



All　this　is　pronounced；　declaimed　or　rather　shouted；　publicly；　in　full

daylight；　under　the　King's　windows；　by　stump…speakers　mounted　on

chairs；　while　similar　provocations　daily　flow　from　the　committee

installed　in　Santerre's　establishment；　now　in　the　shape　of　displays

posted　in　the　faubourgs；　now　in　that　of　petitions　circulated　in　the

clubs　and　sections；　now　through　motions　which　are　gotten　up　〃among　the

groups　in　the　Tuileries；　in　the　Palais…Royal；　in　the　Place　de　Grève

and　especially　on　the　Place　de　la　Bastille。〃　After　the　2nd　of　June　the

leaders　founded　a　new　club　in　the　church　of　the　〃Enfants　Trouvés〃

that　they　might　have　their　special　laboratory　and　thus　do　their　work

on　the　spot。＇31＇　　　Like　Plato's　demagogues；　they　understand　their

business。　They　have　discovered　the　cries　which　make　the　popular　animal

take　note；　what　offense　offends　him；　what　charm　attracts　him；　and　on

what　road　he　should　be　made　to　follow。　Once　drawn　in　and　under　way；　he

will　march　blindly　on；　borne　along　by　his　own　involuntary　inspiration

and　crushing　with　his　mass　all　that　he　encounters　on　his　path。





IV。



The　20th　of　June。　　　The　programme。　　　The　muster。　　　The

procession　before　the　Assembly。　　　Irruption　into　the　Chateau。　　The

King　in　the　presence　of　the　people。



The　bait　has　been　carefully　chosen　and　is　well　presented。　It　takes　the

form　of　a　celebration　of　the　anniversary　of　the　oath　of　the　Tennis…

court。　A　tree　of　Liberty　will　be　planted　on　the　terrace　of　the

Feuillants　and　〃petitions　relating　to　circumstances〃　will　be　presented

in　the　Assembly　and　then　to　the　King。　As　a　precaution；　and　to　impose

on　the　ill…disposed；　the　petitioners　provide　themselves　with　arms　and

line　the　approaches。＇32＇　　A　popular　procession　is　an　attractive

thing；　and　there　are　so　many　workers　who　do　not　know　what　to　do　with

their　empty　day！　And；　again；　it　is　so　pleasant　to　appear　in　a

patriotic　opera　while　many；　and　especially　women　and　children；　want

very　much　to　see　Monsieur　and　Madame　Veto。　　The　people　from　the

surrounding　suburbs　are　invited；＇33＇　the　homeless　prowlers　and　beggars

will　certainly　join　the　party；　while　the　numerous　body　of　Parisian

loafers；　the　loungers　that　join　every　spectacle　can　be　relied　on；　and

the　curious　who；　even　in　our　time；　gather　by　hundreds　along　the　quays；

following　a　dog　that　has　chanced　to　tumble　into　the　river。　All　this

forms　a　body　which；　without　thinking；　will　follow　its　head。



At　five　o'clock　in　the　morning　on　the　20th　of　June　groups　are　already

formed　in　the　faubourgs　St。　Antoine　and　St。　Marcel；　consisting　of


National　Guards；　pikemen；　gunners　with　their　cannon；　persons　armed

with　sabers　or　clubs；　and　women　and　children。　　　A　notice；　indeed；

just　posted　on　the　walls；　prohibits　any　assemblage；　and　the　municipal

officers　appear　in　their　scarves　and　command　or　entreat　the　crowd　not

to　break　the　law。＇34＇　　　But；　in　a　working…class　brain；　ideas　are　as

tenacious　as　they　are　short…lived。　　People　count　on　a　civic　procession

and　get　up　early　in　the　morning　to　attend　to　it；　the　cannon　have　been

hitched　up；　the　maypole　tree　is　put　on　wheels　and　all　is　ready　for　the

ceremony；　everybody　takes　a　holiday　and　none　are　disposed　to　return

home。　　Besides；　they　have　only　good　intentions。　They　know　the　law　as

well　as　the　city　officials；　they　are　〃armed　solely　to　have　it　observed

and　respected。〃　Finally；　other　armed　petitioners　have　already　filed

along　before　the　National　Assembly；　and；　as　one　is　as　good　as　another；

〃the　law　being　equal　for　all；〃　others　must　be　admitted　as　well。　　In

any　event　they；　too；　will　ask　permission　of　the　National　Assembly　and

they　go　expressly。　This　is　the　last　and　the　best　argument　of　all；　and

to　prove　to　the　city　officials　that　they　have　no　desire　to　engage　in　a

riot；　they　request　them　to　join　the　procession　and　march　along　with

them。



Meanwhile；　time　passes。　　In　a　crowd　irritated　by　delay；　the　most

impatient；　the　rudest；　those　most　inclined　to　commit　violence；　always

lead　the　rest。　　At　the　head…quarters　of　the　Val…de…Grace＇35＇　the

pikemen　seize　the　cannon　and　drag　them　along；　the　National　Guards　let

things　take　their　course；　Saint…Prix　and　Leclerc；　the　officers　in

command；　threatened　with　death；　have　nothing　to　do　but　to　yield　with　a

protest。　　There　is　the　same　state　of　things　in　the　Montreuil

section；　the　resistance　of　four　out　of　six　of　the　battalion　officers

merely　served　to　give　full　power　to　the　instigator　of　the

insurrection；　and　henceforth　Santerre　becomes　the　sole　leader　of　the

assembled　crowd。　About　half…past　eleven　he　leaves　his　brewery；　and；

followed　by　cannon；　the　flag；　and　the　truck　which　bears　the　poplar

tree；　he　places　himself　at　the　head　of　the　procession　〃consisting　of

about　fifteen　hundred　persons　including　the　bystanders。〃＇36＇　　Like　a

snowball；　however；　the　troop　grows　as　it　marches　along　until；　on

reaching　the　National　Assembly；　Santerre　has　behind　him　from　seven　to

eight　thousand　persons。＇37＇　　　Guadet　and　Vergniaud　move　that　the

petitioners　be　introduced；　their　spokesman；　Huguenin；　in　a　bombastic

and　threatening　address；　denounces　the　ministry；　the　King；　the　accused

at　Orleans；　the　deputies　of　the　〃Right；〃　demands　〃blood；〃　and　informs

the　Assembly　that　the　people　〃resolute〃　is　ready　to　take　the　law　in

their　own　hands。＇38＇　Then；　with　drums　beating　and　bands　playing；　the

crowd　defiles　for　more　than　an　hour　through　the　chamber　under　the　eyes

of　Santerre　and　Saint…Huruge：　here　and　there　a　few　files　of　the

National　Guard　pass　mingled　with　the　throng　and　lost　in　〃the　moving

forest　of　pikes〃；　all　the　rest　is　pure　rabble；　〃hideous　faces；〃＇39＇

says　a　deputy；　on　which　poverty　and　loose　living　have　left　their

marks；　ragamuffins；　men　〃without　coats；〃　in　their　shirt…sleeves；　armed

in　all　sorts　of　ways；　with　chisels　and　shoe…knives　fastened　on　sticks；

one　with　a　saw　on　a　pole　ten　feet　long；　women　and　children；　some　of

them　brandishing　a　saber。＇40＇　　In　the　middle　of　this　procession；　an

old　pair　of　breeches　＇culottes＇　borne　on　a　pike　with　this　motto：

Vivent　les　Sans…Culottes！　and；　on　a　pitch…fork；　the　heart　of　a　calf

with　this　inscription：　C？ur　d'aristocrate；　both　significant　emblems　of

the　grim　humor　the　imaginations　of　rag…dealers　or　butchers　might　come

up　with　for　a　political　carnival。　　This；　indeed；　it　is；　they　have

been　drinking　and　many　are　drunk。＇41＇　　A　parade　is　not　enough；　they

want　also　to　amuse　themselves：　traversing　the　hall　they　sing　？a　ira

and　dance　in　the　intervals。　They　at　the　same　time　show　their　civism　by

shouting　　Vive　les　patriotes！　A　bas　le　Veto！　They　fraternise；　as　they

pass　along；　with　the　good　deputies　of　the　〃Left〃；　they　jeer　those　of

the　〃Right〃　and　shake　their　fists　at　them；　one　of　these；　known　by　his

tall　stature；　is　told　that　his　business　will　be　settled　for　him　the

first　opportunity。＇42＇　Thus　do　they　flaunt　their　collaborators　to　the

Assembly；　everyone　prepared　and　willing　to　act；　even　against　the

Assembly　itself。　　And　yet；　with　the　exception　of　an　iron…railing

pushed　in　by　the　crowd　and　an　irruption　on　to　the　terrace　of　the

〃Feuillants；〃　no　act　of　violence　was　committed。　The　Paris　population；

except　when　in　a　rage；　is　rather　volubl