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the origins of contemporary france-3-第90部分
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principles are offensive to the Brissotine faction; will be driven
out。〃 Moniteur; XV。 74 (Jan。 6)。 Robespierre; addressing Roland;
utters this expression: 〃the factious ministers。〃 〃Cries of Order! A
vote of censure! To the Abbaye/ 'Is the honest minister whom all
France esteems;' says a member; 'to be treated in this way?' Shouts
of laughter greet the exclamation from about sixty members。〃 Ibid。;
XV。 114。 (Jan。 11)。 Denunciation of the party of anarchists by Buzot。
Garnier replies to him: 〃You calumniate Paris; you preach civil war!〃
〃Yes! yes! 'exclaim about sixty members。 Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 368
(Feb。 26)。 The question is whether Marat shall be indicted。 〃Murmurs
from the extreme left; about a dozen members noisily demanding the
order of the day。〃
'31' Mercier; 〃Le nouveau Paris;〃 II。 200。
'32' Buchez et Roux; XIX。 17。 XXVIII。 168。 … The king is declared
guilty by 683 votes; 37 abstain from voting; as judges; of these 37;
26; either as individuals or legislators; declare the king guilty。
None of the other 11 declare him innocent。
'33' 〃Dictionnaire biographique;〃 by Eymery; 1807 (4 vols)。 The
situation of the conventionists who survive the Revolution may here be
ascertained。 Most of them will become civil or criminal judges;
prefects; commissaries of police; heads of bureaus; post…office
employees; or registry clerks; collectors; review…inspectors; etc。 The
following is the proportion of regicides among those thus in office:
Out of 23 prefects 21 voted for the king'' death; 42 out of 43
magistrates voted for it; the 43rd being ill at the time of the
sentence。 Of 5 senators 4 voted for his death; and 14 deputies out of
16。 Out of 36 other functionaries of various kinds 35 voted for death。
Among the remaining regicides we again find 2 councillors of state; 4
diplomatic agents and consuls; 2 generals; 2 receiver…generals; 1
commissary…general of the police; 1 minister in the cabinet of King
Joseph; the minister of police; and the arch…chancellor of the empire。
'34' Buchez et Roux; XIX; 97; session of Sept。 25; 1792。 Marat states:
〃 'I have many personal enemies in this assembly。' 'All! all!' exclaim
the entire Assembly; indignantly rising。〃 … Ibid。; XIX。 9; 49; 63;
338。
'35' 〃Right〃 and 〃Left〃; only refers to the right and left wings of
the hemicycles of the hall in which the Assembly meets。 The Plain and
the Mountain refer to the same Assembly but here to those on the lower
or the upper benches。(SR)。
'36' Meillan; 〃Mémoires;〃 20。 … Buchez et Roux; XXVI。 Session of April
15; 1793。 Denunciation of the Twenty…two Girondists by the sections of
Paris: Royer…Fonfrède regrets 〃that his name is not inscribed on this
honorable list。 'And all of us … all! All!' exclaim three…quarters of
the Assembly; rising from their seats。〃
'37' The Philosophe Denis Diderot (1713…84) was largely responsible
for the 28 volume Encyclopédie (1751…729; which incorporated the
latest knowledge and progressive ideas; and which helped spread the
ideas of the Enlightenment in France and in other parts of Europe。
(Guinness Encyclopedia)。
'38' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 A。F。 45。 Letter of Thomas Paine to
Danton; May 6; 1792 (in English)。 〃I do not know better men or better
patriots。〃 This letter; compared with the speeches or publications of
the day; produces a singular impression through its practical good
sense。 This Anglo…American; however radical he may be; relies on
nothing but experience and example in his political discussions。
'39' Cf。 The memoirs of Buzot; Barbaroux; Louvet; Madame Roland; etc。
'40' And for some incomprehensible reason still in fashion at the end
of the 20th Century。 (SR)。
'41' Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 102。 (Plan drawn up by Condorcet; and
reported in the name of the Committee on the Constitution; April 15
and 16; 1793。) Condorcet adds to this a report of his own; of which he
publishes and abstract in the Chronique de Paris。
'42' Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 102。 Condorcet's abstract contains the
following extraordinary sentence: 〃In all free countries the influence
of the populace is feared with reason; but give all men the same
rights and there will be no populace。〃
'43' Cf。 Edmond Biré。 〃La Légende des Girondins;〃 on the part of the
Girondists in all these odious measures。
'44' These traits are well defined in the charges of the popular
party against them made by Fabre d'Eglantine。 Maillan; 〃Mémoires;〃
323。 (Speech of Fabre d'Eglantine at the Jacobin Club in relation to
the address of the commune; demanding the expulsion of the Twenty…
Two。) 〃You have often taken the people to task; you have even
sometimes tried to flatter them; but there was about this flattery
that aristocratic air of coldness and dislike which could deceive
nobody。 Your ways of a bourgeois patrician are always perceptible in
your words and acts; you never wanted to mix with the people。 Here is
your doctrine in few words: after the people have served in
revolutions they must return to dust; be of no account; and allow
themselves to be led by those who know more than they and who are
willing to take the trouble to lead them。 You; Brissot; and especially
you; Pétion; you have received us formally; haughtily; and with
reserve。 You extend to us one finger; but you never grasp the whole
hand。 You have not even refused yourselves that keen delight of the
ambitious; insolence and disdain。〃
'45' Buzot; 〃Mémoires;〃 78。
'46' Edmond Biré; 〃La légende des Girondins。〃 (Inedited fragments of
the memoirs of Pétion and Barbaroux; quoted by Vatel in 〃Charlotte
Corday and the Girondists;〃 III。 472; 478。)
'47' Buchez et Roux; XXVI。 A financial plan offered by the department
of Hérault adopted by Cambon and rejected by the Girondists。
'48' Buchez et Roux; XXV。 Speech by Vergniaud (April 10); pp。 376;
377; 378。 〃An effort is made to accomplish the Revolution by terror。 I
would accomplish it through love。〃
'49' Maillan; 22。
'50' Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 109。 Plan of a constitution presented by
Condorcet。 Declaration of rights; article 32。 〃In every free
government the mode of resistance to different acts of oppression
should be regulated by law。〃 … Ibid。; 136。 Title VIII。 Of the
Constitution 〃De la Censure des lois。〃
'51' Buchez et Roux; 93。 Session of the Jacobin Club; April 21; 1793。
'52' Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la révolution Fran?aise;〃 II。4 (Report of
Dutard; June 6; 1793。) … The mental traits of the Jacobins form a
contrast and are fully visible in the following speeches: 〃We desire
despotically a popular constitution。〃 (Address of the Paris Jacobin
Club to the clubs in the departments; Jan。 7; 1793。) … Buchez et Roux;
XXIII。 288 … Ibid。; 274。 (Speech by Legros in the Jacobin Club; Jan。
1。) 〃Patriots are not counted; they go by weight。 。 。 One patriot in
a scale weights more than 100;000 aristocrats。 One Jacobin weights
more than 10;000 Feuillants。 One republican weights more than 100;000
monarchists。 One patriot of the Mountain weights more than 100;000
Brissotins。 Hence I conclude that the convention should not be stopped
by the large number of votes against the death…sentence of Louis XVI。;
(and that) even (if there should be) but a minority of the nation
desiring Capet's death。〃 … 〃Applauded。〃 (I am obliged to correct the
last sentence; as it would otherwise be obscure。)
'53' Buzot; 〃Mémoires;〃 33: 〃The majority of French people yearned
after royalty and the Constitution of 1790。 This was the strongest
feeling; and especially at Paris 。 。 This people is only republican
because it is threatened by the guillotine。 。 All its desires; all
its hopes incline to the constitution of 1791。〃…Schmidt; I。 232
(Dutard; May 16)。 Dutard; an old advocate and friend of Garat; is one
of those rare men who see facts behind words; clear…sighted;
energetic; active; abounding in practical counsels; and deserving of a
better chief than Garat。
'54' Schmidt; ibid。; I。 173; 179 (May 1; 1793)。
'55' 〃La Démagogie à en Paris en 1793;〃 p。152。 Dauban (〃Diurnal de
Beaulieu;〃 April 17)。 … 〃Archives Nationales;〃 AF II。 45 (report by
the police; May 20)。 〃The dearness of supplies is the leading cause of
agitation and complaints。〃 (Ib。; May 24)。 〃The calm which now
appear to prevail in Paris will soon be disturbed if the prices of the
prime necessities of life do not shortly diminish。〃 (Ibid。; May
25)。 〃Complaints against dear food increase daily end this
circumstance looks as if it might become one of the motives of
forthcoming events。
'56' Schmidt; I。 198 (Dutard; May 9)。
'57' Schmidt; I。 350; II。 6 (Dutard; May 30; June 7 and 8)。
'58' Durand…Maillane;100: 〃The Girondist party was yet more impious
than Robespierre。〃 A deputy having demanded that mention should be
made of the Supreme Being in the preamble of the constitution;
Vergniaud replied: 〃We have no more to do with Numa's nymph than with
Mahomet's pigeon; reason is sufficient to give France a good
constitution。〃 Buchez et Roux; XIII。 444。 Robespierre having spoken
of the Emperor Leopold's death as a stroke of Providence; Guadet
replies that he sees 〃no sense in that idea;〃 and blames Robespierre
for 〃endeavoring to return the people to slavery of superstition。〃 …
Ibid。; XXVI。 63 (session of April 19; 1793)。 Speech by Vergniaud
against article IX of the Declaration of Rights; which states that
〃all men are free to worship as they please。〃 This article; says
Vergniaud; 〃is a result of the despotism and superstition under which
we have so long languished。〃 Salle : 〃I ask the Convention to draw
up an article by which each citizen; whatever his form of worship;
shall bind himself to submit to the law 〃 … Lanjuinais; who often
ranked along with the Girondists; is a Catholic and confirmed
Gallican。
'59' Schmidt; I。 347 (Dutard; May 30)。 〃What do I now behold? A
discontented
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