the complete writings-3-第30部分

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ade　a　hole　through　it　and　hung　it　about　his　neck　for　a　breastplate。　　The　liberal　Christians　sold　it　to　him　for　the　low　price　of　twenty　deer…skins；　worth　twenty　crowns；　and　they　also　let　him　have　a　copper　kettle　for　fifty　skins。　　They　drove　a　lively　traffic　with　the　savages　for　much　of　such　〃truck；〃　and　the　chief　came　on　board　and　ate　and　drank　merrily　with　the　strangers。　　His　wife　and　children；　short　of　stature　but　well…formed　and　bashful；　also　paid　them　a　visit。　　She　wore　a　long　coat　of　leather；　with　a　piece　of　leather　about　her　loins；　around　her　forehead　a　band　of　white　coral；　and　from　her　ears　bracelets　of　pearls　of　the　bigness　of　great　peas　hung　down　to　her　middle。　　The　other　women　wore　pendants　of　copper；　as　did　the　children；　five　or　six　in　an　ear。　　The　boats　of　these　savages　were　hollowed　trunks　of　trees。　Nothing　could　exceed　the　kindness　and　trustfulness　the　Indians　exhibited　towards　their　visitors。　　They　kept　them　supplied　with　game　and　fruits；　and　when　a　party　made　an　expedition　inland　to　the　residence　of　Granganameo；　his　wife　（her　husband　being　absent）　came　running　to　the　river　to　welcome　them；　took　them　to　her　house　and　set　them　before　a　great　fire；　took　off　their　clothes　and　washed　them；　removed　the　stockings　of　some　and　washed　their　feet　in　warm　water；　set　plenty　of　victual；　venison　and　fish　and　fruits；　before　them；　and　took　pains　to　see　all　things　well　ordered　for　their　comfort。　　〃More　love　they　could　not　express　to　entertain　us。〃　　It　is　noted　that　these　savages　drank　wine　while　the　grape　lasted。　　The　visitors　returned　all　this　kindness　with　suspicion。

They　insisted　upon　retiring　to　their　boats　at　night　instead　of　lodging　in　the　house；　and　the　good　woman；　much　grieved　at　their　jealousy；　sent　down　to　them　their　half…cooked　supper；　pots　and　all；　and　mats　to　cover　them　from　the　rain　in　the　night；　and　caused　several　of　her　men　and　thirty　women　to　sit　all　night　on　the　shore　over　against　them。　　〃A　more　kind；　loving　people　cannot　be；〃　say　the　voyagers。

In　September　the　expedition　returned　to　England；　taking　specimens　of　the　wealth　of　the　country；　and　some　of　the　pearls　as　big　as　peas；　and　two　natives；　Wanchese　and　Manteo。　　The　〃lord　proprietary〃　obtained　the　Queen's　permission　to　name　the　new　lands　〃Virginia；〃　in　her　honor；　and　he　had　a　new　seal　of　his　arms　cut；　with　the　legend；　Propria　insignia　Walteri　Ralegh；　militis；　Domini　et　Gubernatoris　Virginia。

The　enticing　reports　brought　back　of　the　fertility　of　this　land；　and　the　amiability　of　its　pearl…decked　inhabitants；　determined　Raleigh　at　once　to　establish　a　colony　there；　in　the　hope　of　the　ultimate　salvation　of　the　〃poor　seduced　infidell〃　who　wore　the　pearls。　　A　fleet　of　seven　vessels；　with　one　hundred　householders；　and　many　things　necessary　to　begin　a　new　state；　departed　from　Plymouth　in　April；　1585。　　Sir　Richard　Grenville　had　command　of　the　expedition；　and　Mr。　Ralph　Lane　was　made　governor　of　the　colony；　with　Philip　Amadas　for　his　deputy。　　Among　the　distinguished　men　who　accompanied　them　were　Thomas　Hariot；　the　mathematician；　and　Thomas　Cavendish；　the　naval　discoverer。　　The　expedition　encountered　as　many　fatalities　as　those　that　befell　Sir　Humphrey　Gilbert；　and　Sir　Richard　was　destined　also　to　an　early　and　memorable　death。　　But　the　new　colony　suffered　more　from　its　own　imprudence　and　want　of　harmony　than　from　natural　causes。

In　August；　Grenville　left　Ralph　Lane　in　charge　of　the　colony　and　returned　to　England；　capturing　a　Spanish　ship　on　the　way。　　The　colonists　pushed　discoveries　in　various　directions；　but　soon　found　themselves　involved　in　quarrels　with　the　Indians；　whose　conduct　was　less　friendly　than　formerly；　a　change　partly　due　to　the　greed　of　the　whites。　　In　June；　when　Lane　was　in　fear　of　a　conspiracy　which　he　had　discovered　against　the　life　of　the　colony；　and　it　was　short　of　supplies；　Sir　Francis　Drake　appeared　off　Roanoke；　returning　homeward　with　his　fleet　from　the　sacking　of　St。　　Domingo；　Carthagena；　and　St。　Augustine。　　Lane；　without　waiting　for　succor　from　England；　persuaded　Drake　to　take　him　and　all　the　colony　back　home。　　Meantime　Raleigh；　knowing　that　the　colony　would　probably　need　aid；　was　preparing　a　fleet　of　three　well　appointed　ships　to　accompany　Sir　Richard　Grenville；　and　an　〃advice　ship；〃　plentifully　freighted；　to　send　in　advance　to　give　intelligence　of　his　coming。　　Great　was　Grenville's　chagrin；　when　he　reached　Hatorask；　to　find　that　the　advice　boat　had　arrived；　and　finding　no　colony；　had　departed　again　for　England。　However；　he　established　fifteen　men　（〃fifty；〃　says　the　〃General　Historie〃）　on　the　island；　provisioned　for　two　years；　and　then　returned　home。


＇Sir　Richard　Grenville　in　1591　was　vice…admiral　of　a　fleet；　under　command　of　Lord　Thomas　Howard；　at　the　Azores；　sent　against　a　Spanish　Plate…fleet。　　Six　English　vessels　were　suddenly　opposed　by　a　Spanish　convoy　of　53　ships　of　war。　　Left　behind　his　comrades；　in　embarking　from　an　island；　opposed　by　five　galleons；　he　maintained　a　terrible　fight　for　fifteen　hours；　his　vessel　all　cut　to　pieces；　and　his　men　nearly　all　slain。　　He　died　uttering　aloud　these　words：　〃Here　dies　Sir　Richard　Grenville；　with　a　joyful　and　quiet　mind；　for　that　I　have　ended　my　life　as　a　true　soldier　ought　to　do；　fighting　for　his　country；　queen；　religion；　and　honor。〃＇


Mr。　Ralph　Lane's　colony　was　splendidly　fitted　out；　much　better　furnished　than　the　one　that　Newport；　Wingfield；　and　Gosnold　conducted　to　the　River　James　in　1607；　but　it　needed　a　man　at　the　head　of　it。　If　the　governor　had　possessed　Smith's　pluck；　he　would　have　held　on　till　the　arrival　of　Grenville。

Lane　did　not　distinguish　himself　in　the　conduct　of　this　governorship；　but　he　nevertheless　gained　immortality。　　For　he　is　credited　with　first　bringing　into　England　that　valuable　medicinal　weeds　called　tobacco；　which　Sir　Walter　Raleigh　made　fashionable；　not　in　its　capacity　to　drive　〃rheums〃　out　of　the　body；　but　as　a　soother；　when　burned　in　the　bowl　of　a　pipe　and　drawn　through　the　stem　in　smoke；　of　the　melancholy　spirit。

The　honor　of　introducing　tobacco　at　this　date　is　so　large　that　it　has　been　shared　by　three　personsSir　Francis　Drake；　who　brought　Mr。　Lane　home；　Mr。　Lane；　who　carried　the　precious　result　of　his　sojourn　in　America；　and　Sir　Walter　Raleigh；　who　commended　it　to　the　use　of　the　ladies　of　Queen　Elizabeth's　court。

But　this　was　by　no　means　its　first　appearance　in　Europe。　　It　was　already　known　in　Spain；　in　France；　and　in　Italy；　and　no　doubt　had　begun　to　make　its　way　in　the　Orient。　　In　the　early　part　of　the　century　the　Spaniards　had　discovered　its　virtues。　　It　is　stated　by　John　Neander；　in　his　〃　Tobaco　Logia；〃　published　in　Leyden　in　1626；　that　Tobaco　took　its　name　from　a　province　in　Yucatan；　conquered　by　Fernando　Cortez　in　1519。　　The　name　Nicotiana　he　derives　from　D。　Johanne　Nicotino　Nemansensi；　of　the　council　of　Francis　II。；　who　first　introduced　the　plant　into　France。　　At　the　date　of　this　volume　（1626）　tobacco　was　in　general　use　all　over　Europe　and　in　the　East。　　Pictures　are　given　of　the　Persian　water　pipes；　and　descriptions　of　the　mode　of　preparing　it　for　use。　　There　are　reports　and　traditions　of　a　very　ancient　use　of　tobacco　in　Persia　and　in　China；　as　well　as　in　India；　but　we　are　convinced　that　the　substance　supposed　to　be　tobacco；　and　to　be　referred　to　as　such　by　many　writers；　and　described　as　〃intoxicating；〃　was　really　India　hemp；　or　some　plant　very　different　from　the　tobacco　of　the　New　World。　　At　any　rate　there　is　evidence　that　in　the　Turkish　Empire　as　late　as　1616　tobacco　was　still　somewhat　a　novelty；　and　the　smoking　of　it　was　regarded　as　vile；　and　a　habit　only　of　the　low。　　The　late　Hekekian　Bey；　foreign　minister　of　old　Mahomet　Ali；　possessed　an　ancient　Turkish　MS　which　related　an　occurrence　at　Smyrna　about　the　year　1610；　namely；　the　punishment　of　some　sailors　for　the　use　of　tobacco；　which　showed　that　it　was　a　novelty　and　accounted　a　low　vice　at　that　time。　　The　testimony　of　the　trustworthy　George　Sandys；　an　English　traveler　into　Turkey；　Egypt；　and　Syria　in　1610　（afterwards；　1621；　treasurer　of　the　colony　in　Virginia）；　is　to　the　same　effect　as　given　in　his　〃Relation；〃　published　in　London　in　1621。　　In　his　minute　description　of　the　people　and　manners　of　Constantinople；　after　speaking　of　opium；　which　makes　the　Turks　〃giddy…headed〃　and　〃turbulent　dreamers；〃　he　says：　〃But　perhaps　for　the　self…same　cause　they　delight　in　Tobacco：　which　they　take　through　reedes　that　have　joyned　with　them　great　heads　of　wood　to　containe　it；　I　doubt　not　but　lately　taught　them　as　brought　them　by　the　English；　and　were　it　not　sometimes　lookt　into　（for　Morat　Bassa　＇Murad　III。？＇　not　long　since　commanded　a　pipe　to　be　thrust　through　the　nose　of　a　Turke；　and　to　be　led　in　derision　through　the　Citie）；　no　question　but　it　would　prove　a　principal　commodity。　　Nevertheless　they　will　take　it　in　corners；　and　are　so　ignorant　therein；　that　that　which　in　England　is　not　saleable；　doth　passe　here　among　them　for　most　excellent。〃

Mr。　Stith　（〃History　of　Virginia；〃　1746）　gives　Raleigh　credit　for　the　introduction　of　the　pipe　into　good　society；　but　he　cautiously　says；　〃We　are　not　informed　whether　the　queen　made　use　of　it　herself：　but　it　is　certain　she　gave　great　countenance　to　it　as　a　vegetable　of　singular　strength　and　power；　which　might　therefore　prove　of　benefit　to　mankind；　and　advantage　to　the　nation。〃　　Mr。　Thomas　Hariot；　in　his　observations　on　the　colony　at　Roanoke；　says　that　the　natives　esteemed　their　tobacco；　of　which　plenty　was　found；　their　〃chief　physicke。〃

It　should　be　noted；　as　against　the　claim　of　Lane；　that　Stowe　in　his　〃Annales〃　（1615）　says：　〃Tobacco　was　first　brought　and　made　known　in　England　by　Sir　John　Hawkins；　about　the　year　1565；　but　not　used　by　Englishmen　in　many　years　after；　though　at　this　time　commonly　used　by　most　men　and　many　women。〃　　In　a　side…note　to　the　edition　of　1631　we　read：　〃Sir　Walter　Raleigh　was　the　first　that　brought　tobacco　in　use；　when　all　men　wondered　what　it　meant。〃　　It　was　first　commended　for　its　medicinal　virtues。　　Harrison's　〃Chronologie；〃　under　date　of　1573；　says：　〃In　these　daies　the　taking　in　of　the　smoke　of　the　Indian　herbe　called　'Tabaco'　by　an　instrument　formed　like　a　little　ladell；　whereby　it　passeth　from　the　mouth　into　the　hed　and　stomach；　is　gretlie　taken…　up　and　used　in　England；　against　Rewmes　and　some　other　diseases　ingendred　in　the　longes　and　inward　partes；