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multiplied　its　power。



The　second　presented　a　more　complicated　mechanism。　A　cross…bar　had　its

centre　fixed　on　a　little　pillar；　and　from　this　point　of　junction　there

branched　off　at　right　angles　a　short　of　channel；　two　caps　containing

twists　of　horse…hair　stood　at　the　extremities　of　the　cross…bar；　two

small　beams　were　fastened　to　them　to　hold　the　extremities　of　a　rope

which　was　brought　to　the　bottom　of　the　channel　upon　a　tablet　of

bronze。　This　metal　plate　was　released　by　a　spring；　and　sliding　in

grooves　impelled　the　arrows。



The　catapults　were　likewise　called　onagers；　after　the　wild　asses　which

fling　up　stones　with　their　feet；　and　the　ballistas　scorpions；　on

account　of　a　hook　which　stood　upon　the　tablet；　and　being　lowered　by　a

blow　of　the　fist；　released　the　spring。



Their　construction　required　learned　calculations；　the　wood　selected

had　to　be　of　the　hardest　substance；　and　their　gearing　all　of　brass；

they　were　stretched　with　levers；　tackle…blocks；　capstans　or　tympanums；

the　direction　of　the　shooting　was　changed　by　means　of　strong　pivots；

they　were　moved　forward　on　cylinders；　and　the　most　considerable　of

them；　which　were　brought　piece　by　piece；　were　set　up　in　front　of　the

enemy。



Spendius　arranged　three　great　catapults　opposite　the　three　principle

angles；　he　placed　a　ram　before　every　gate；　a　ballista　before　every

tower；　while　carroballistas　were　to　move　about　in　the　rear。　But　it　was

necessary　to　protect　them　against　the　fire　thrown　by　the　besieged；　and

first　of　all　to　fill　up　the　trench　which　separated　them　from　the

walls。



They　pushed　forward　galleries　formed　of　hurdles　of　green　reeds；　and

oaken　semicircles　like　enormous　shields　gliding　on　three　wheels；　the

workers　were　sheltered　in　little　huts　covered　with　raw　hides　and

stuffed　with　wrack；　the　catapults　and　ballistas　were　protected　by　rope

curtains　which　had　been　steeped　in　vinegar　to　render　them

incombustible。　The　women　and　children　went　to　procure　stones　on　the

strand；　and　gathered　earth　with　their　hands　and　brought　it　to　the

soldiers。



The　Carthaginians　also　made　preparations。



Hamilcar　had　speedily　reassured　them　by　declaring　that　there　was

enough　water　left　in　the　cisterns　for　one　hundred　and　twenty…three

days。　This　assertion；　together　with　his　presence；　and　above　all　that

of　the　zaimph　among　them；　gave　them　good　hopes。　Carthage　recovered

from　its　dejection；　those　who　were　not　of　Chanaanitish　origin　were

carried　away　by　the　passion　of　the　rest。



The　slaves　were　armed；　the　arsenals　were　emptied；　and　every　citizen

had　his　own　post　and　his　own　employment。　Twelve　hundred　of　the

fugitives　had　survived；　and　the　Suffet　made　them　all　captains；　and

carpenters；　armourers；　blacksmiths；　and　goldsmiths　were　intrusted　with

the　engines。　The　Carthaginians　had　kept　a　few　in　spite　of　the

conditions　of　the　peace　with　Rome。　These　were　repaired。　They

understood　such　work。



The　two　northern　and　eastern　sides；　being　protected　by　the　sea　and　the

gulf；　remained　inaccessible。　On　the　wall　fronting　the　Barbarians　they

collected　tree…trunks；　mill…stones；　vases　filled　with　sulphur；　and

vats　filled　with　oil；　and　built　furnaces。　Stones　were　heaped　up　on　the

platforms　of　the　towers；　and　the　houses　bordering　immediately　on　the

rampart　were　crammed　with　sand　in　order　to　strengthen　it　and　increase

its　thickness。



The　Barbarians　grew　angry　at　the　sight　of　these　preparations。　They

wished　to　fight　at　once。　The　weights　which　they　put　into　the　catapults

were　so　extravagantly　heavy　that　the　beams　broke；　and　the　attack　was

delayed。



At　last　on　the　thirteenth　day　of　the　month　of　Schabar；at　sunrise；a

great　blow　was　heard　at　the　gate　of　Khamon。



Seventy…five　soldiers　were　pulling　at　ropes　arranged　at　the　base　of　a

gigantic　beam　which　was　suspended　horizontally　by　chains　hanging　from

a　framework；　and　which　terminated　in　a　ram's　head　of　pure　brass。　It

had　been　swathed　in　ox…hides；　it　was　bound　at　intervals　with　iron

bracelets；　it　was　thrice　as　thick　as　a　man's　body；　one　hundred　and

twenty　cubits　long；　and　under　the　crowd　of　naked　arms　pushing　it

forward　and　drawing　it　back；　it　moved　to　and　fro　with　a　regular

oscillation。



The　other　rams　before　the　other　gates　began　to　be　in　motion。　Men　might

be　seen　mounting　from　step　to　step　in　the　hollow　wheels　of　the

tympanums。　The　pulleys　and　caps　grated；　the　rope　curtains　were

lowered；　and　showers　of　stones　and　showers　of　arrows　poured　forth

simultaneously；　all　the　scattered　slingers　ran　up。　Some　approached　the

rampart　hiding　pots　of　resin　under　their　shields；　then　they　would　hurl

these　with　all　their　might。　This　hail　of　bullets；　darts；　and　flames

passed　above　the　first　ranks　in　the　form　of　a　curve　which　fell　behind

the　walls。　But　long　cranes；　used　for　masting　vessels；　were　reared　on

the　summit　of　the　ramparts；　and　from　them　there　descended　some　of

those　enormous　pincers　which　terminated　in　two　semicircles　toothed　on

the　inside。　They　bit　the　rams。　The　soldiers　clung　to　the　beam　and　drew

it　back。　The　Carthaginians　hauled　in　order　to　pull　it　up；　and　the

action　was　prolonged　until　the　evening。



When　the　Mercenaries　resumed　their　task　on　the　following　day；　the　tops

of　the　walls　were　completely　carpeted　with　bales　of　cotton；　sails；　and

cushions；　the　battlements　were　stopped　up　with　mats；　and　a　line　of

forks　and　blades；　fixed　upon　sticks；　might　be　distinguished　among　the

cranes　on　the　rampart。　A　furious　resistance　immediately　began。



Trunks　of　trees　fastened　to　cables　fell　and　rose　alternately　and

battered　the　rams；　cramps　hurled　by　the　ballistas　tore　away　the　roofs

of　the　huts；　and　streams　of　flints　and　pebbles　poured　from　the

platforms　of　the　towers。



At　last　the　rams　broke　the　gates　of　Khamon　and　Tagaste。　But　the

Carthaginians　had　piled　up　such　an　abundance　of　materials　on　the

inside　that　the　leaves　did　not　open。　They　remained　standing。



Then　they　drove　augers　against　the　walls；　these　were　applied　to　the

joints　of　the　blocks；　so　as　to　detach　the　latter。　The　engines　were

better　managed；　the　men　serving　them　were　divided　into　squads；　and

they　were　worked　from　morning　till　evening　without　interruption　and

with　the　monotonous　precision　of　a　weaver's　loom。



Spendius　returned　to　them　untiringly。　It　was　he　who　stretched　the

skeins　of　the　ballistas。　In　order　that　the　twin　tensions　might

completely　correspond；　the　ropes　as　they　were　tightened　were　struck　on

the　right　and　left　alternately　until　both　sides　gave　out　an　equal

sound。　Spendius　would　mount　upon　the　timbers。　He　would　strike　the

ropes　softly　with　the　extremity　of　his　foot；　and　strain　his　ears　like

a　musician　tuning　a　lyre。　Then　when　the　beam　of　the　catapult　rose；

when　the　pillar　of　the　ballista　trembled　with　the　shock　of　the　spring；

when　the　stones　were　shooting　in　rays；　and　the　darts　pouring　in

streams；　he　would　incline　his　whole　body　and　fling　his　arms　into　the

air　as　though　to　follow　them。



The　soldiers　admired　his　skill　and　executed　his　commands。　In　the

gaiety　of　their　work　they　gave　utterance　to　jests　on　the　names　of　the

machines。　Thus　the　plyers　for　seizing　the　rams　were　called　〃wolves；〃

and　the　galleries　were　covered　with　〃vines〃；　they　were　lambs；　or　they

were　going　to　gather　the　grapes；　and　as　they　loaded　their　pieces　they

would　say　to　the　onagers：　〃Come；　pick　well！〃　and　to　the　scorpions：

〃Pierce　them　to　the　heart！〃　These　jokes；　which　were　ever　the　same；

kept　up　their　courage。



Nevertheless　the　machines　did　not　demolish　the　rampart。　It　was　formed

of　two　walls　and　was　completely　filled　with　earth。　The　upper　portions

were　beaten　down；　but　each　time　the　besieged　raised　them　again。　Matho

ordered　the　construction　of　wooden　towers　which　should　be　as　high　as

the　towers　of　stone。　They　cast　turf；　stakes；　pebbles　and　chariots　with

their　wheels　into　the　trench　so　as　to　fill　it　up　the　more　quickly；　but

before　this　was　accomplished　the　immense　throng　of　the　Barbarians

undulated　over　the　plain　with　a　single　movement　and　came　beating

against　the　foot　of　the　walls　like　an　overflowing　sea。



They　moved　forward　the　rope　ladders；　straight　ladders；　and　sambucas；

the　latter　consisting　of　two　poles　from　which　a　series　of　bamboos

terminating　in　a　moveable　bridge　were　lowered　by　means　of　tackling。

They　formed　numerous　straight　lines　resting　against　the　wall；　and　the

Mercenaries　mounted　them　in　files；　holding　their　weapons　in　their

hands。　Not　a　Carthaginian　showed　himself；　already　two　thirds　of　the

rampart　had　been　covered。　Then　the　battlements　opened；　vomiting　flames

and　smoke　like　dragon　jaws；　the　sand　scattered　and　entered　the　joints

of　their　armour；　the　petroleum　fastened　on　their　garments；　the　liquid

lead　hopped　on　their　helmets　and　made　holes　in　their　flesh；　a　rain　of

sparks　splashed　against　their　faces；　and　eyeless　orbits　seemed　to　weep

tears　as　big　as　almonds。　There　were　men　all　yellow　with　oil；　with

their　hair　in　flames。　They　began　to　run　and　set　fire　to　the　rest。　They

were　extinguished　in　mantles　steeped　in　blood；　which　were　thrown　from

a　distance　over　their　faces。　Some　who　had　no　wounds　remained

motionless；　stiffer　than　stakes；　their　mouths　open　and　their　arms

outspread。



The　assault　was　renewed　for　several　days　in　succession；　the

Mercenaries　hoping　to　triumph　by　extraordinary　energy　and　audacity。



Sometimes　a　man　raised　on　the　shoulders　of　another　would　drive　a　pin

between　the　stones；　and　then　making　use　of　it　as　a　step　to　reach

further；　would　place　a　second　and　a　third；　and；　protected　by　the　edge

of　the　battlements；　which　stood　out　from　the　wall；　they　would

gradually　raise　themselves　in　this　way；　but　on　reaching　a　certain

height　they　always　fell　back　again。　The　great　trench　was　full　to

overflowing；　the　wounded　were　massed　pell…mell　with　the　dead　and　dying

beneath　the　footsteps　of　the　living。　Calcined　trunks　formed　black

spots　amid　opened　entrails；　scattered　brains；　and　pools　of　blood；　and

arms　and　legs　projecting　half　way　out　o