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flying machines-第28部分
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square feet。 Now; by using a specially designed motor of 65
h。 p。; capable of developing a speed of from 70 to 80 miles an
hour; the Wrights are enabled to successfully navigate a machine
the plane area of which is about 130 square feet。 This
apparatus is intended to carry only one person (the operator)。
At Belmont Park; N。 Y。; the Wrights demonstrated that the
small…surfaced biplane is much faster; easier to manage in the
hands of a skilled manipulator; and a better altitude climber
than the large and cumbersome machines with 538 square feet
of surface heretofore used by them。
In this may be found a practical illustration of the principle
that increased speed permits of a reduction in plane area in
mathematical ratio to the gain in speed。 The faster any object
can be made to move through the air; the less will be the
supporting
surface required to sustain a given weight。 But; there
is a limit beyond which the plane surface cannot be reduced
with safety。 Regard must always be had to the securing of
an ample sustaining surface so that in case of motor stoppage
there will be sufficient buoyancy to enable the operator to
descend safely。
The baby Wright used at the Belmont Park (N。 Y。) aviation
meet in the fall of 1910; had a plane length of 19 feet 6 inches;
and an extreme breadth of 21 feet 6 inches; with a total surface
area of 146 square feet。 It was equipped with a new Wright
8…cylinder motor of 60 h。 p。; and two Wright propellers of 8
feet 6 inches diameter and 500 r。 p。 m。 It was easily the fastest
machine at the meet。 After the tests; Wilbur Wright said:
〃It is our intention to put together a machine with specially
designed propellers; specially designed gears and a motor which
will give us 65 horsepower at least。 We will then be able;
after some experimental work we are doing now; to send forth
a machine that will make a new speed record。〃
In the new Wright machines the front elevating planes for
up…and…down control have been eliminated; and the movements
of the apparatus are now regulated solely by the rear; or
〃tail〃
control。
A Powerful Light Motor。
Another successful American aviation motor is the aeromotor;
manufactured by the Detroit Aeronautic Construction。
Aeromotors are made in four models as follows:
Model 1。4…cylinder; 30…40 h。 p。; weight 200 pounds。
Model 2。4…cylinder; (larger stroke and bore) 40…50 h。 p。;
weight 225 pounds。
Model 3。6…cylinder。 50…60 h。 p。; weight 210 pounds。
Model 4。6…cylinder; 60…75 h。 p。; weight 275 pounds。
This motor is of the 4…cycle; vertical; water…cooled type。
Roberts Aviation Motor。
One of the successful aviation motors of American make; is
that produced by the Roberts Motor Co。; of Sandusky; Ohio。
It is designed by E。 W。 Roberts; M。 E。; who was formerly
chief assistant and designer for Sir Hiram Maxim; when the
latter was making his celebrated aeronautical experiments in
England in 1894…95。 This motor is made in both the 4… and
6…cylinder forms。 The 4…cylinder motor weighs complete with
Bosch magneto and carbureter 165 pounds; and will develop
40 actual brake h。 p。 at 1;000 r。 p。 m。; 46 h。 p。 at 1;200 and 52
h。 p。 at 1;400。 The 6…cylinder weighs 220 pounds and will
develop 60 actual brake h。 p。 at 1;000 r。 p。 m。; 69 h。 p。 at
1;200 and 78 h。 p。 at 1;500。
Extreme lightness has been secured by doing away with all
superfluous parts; rather than by a shaving down of materials
to a dangerous thinness。 For example; there is neither an intake
or exhaust manifold on the motor。 The distributing valve
forms a part of the crankcase as does the water intake; and
the gear pump。 Magnalium takes the place of aluminum in
the crankcase; because it is not only lighter but stronger and
can be cast very thin。 The crankshaft is 2 1/2…inch diameter
with a 2 1/4…inch hole; and while it would be strong enough in
ordinary 40 per cent carbon steel it is made of steel twice the
strength of that customarily employed。 Similar care has been
exercised on other parts and the result is a motor weighing 4
pounds per h。 p。
The Rinek Motor。
The Rinek aviation motor; constructed by the Rinek Aero
Mfg。 Co。; of Easton; Pa。; is another that is meeting with favor
among aviators。 Type B…8 is an 8…cylinder motor; the cylinders
being set at right angles; on a V…shaped crank case。 It is water
cooled; develops 50…60 h。 p。; the minimum at 1;220 r。 p。 m。; and
weighs 280 pounds with all accessories。 Type B…4; a 4…cylinder
motor; develops 30 h。 p。 at 1;800 r。 p。 m。; and weighs 130 pounds
complete。 The cylinders in both motors are made of cast iron
with copper water jackets。
The Overhead Camshaft Boulevard。
The overhead camshaft Boulevard is still another form of
aviation motor which has been favorably received。 This is
the product of the Boulevard Engine Co。; of St。 Louis。 It is
made with 4 and 8 cylinders。 The former develops 30…35 h。 p。
at 1;200 r。 p。 m。; and weighs 130 pounds。 The 8…cylinder motor
gives 60…70 h。 p。 at 1;200 r。 p。 m。; and weighs 200 pounds。
Simplicity of construction is the main feature of this motor;
especially in the manipulation of the valves。
CHAPTER XXVI。
MONOPLANES; TRIPLANES; MULTIPLANES。
Until recently; American aviators had not given serious
attention to any form of flying machines aside from biplanes。
Of the twenty…one monoplanes competing at the International
meet at Belmont Park; N。 Y。; in November; 1910; only three
makes were handled by Americans。 Moissant and Drexel
navigated Bleriot machines; Harkness an Antoinette; and
Glenn Curtiss a single decker of his own construction。 On
the other hand the various foreign aviators who took part in
the meet unhesitatingly gave preference to monoplanes。
Whatever may have been the cause of this seeming prejudice
against the monoplane on the part of American air sailors;
it is slowly being overcome。 When a man like Curtiss; who
has attained great success with biplanes; gives serious attention
to the monoplane form of construction and goes so far as
to build and successfully operate a single surface machine;
it may be taken for granted that the monoplane is a fixture in
this country。
Dimensions of Monoplanes。
The makes; dimensions and equipment of the various monoplanes
used at Belmont Park are as follows:
Bleriot(Moissant; operator)plane length 23 feet; extreme
breadth 28 feet; surface area 160 square feet; 7…cylinder; 50 h。
p。
Gnome engine; Chauviere propeller; 7 feet 6 inches diameter;
1;200 r。 p。 m。
Bleriot(Drexel; operator)exactly the same as Moissant's
machine。
Antoinette(Harkness; operator)plane length 42 feet;
extreme breadth 46 feet; surface area 377 square feet; Emerson
6…cylinder; 50 h。 p。 motor; Antoinette propeller; 7 feet 6 inches
diameter; 1;200 r。 p。 m。
Curtiss(Glenn H。 Curtiss; operator)plane length 25 feet;
extreme breadth 26 feet; surface area 130 square feet; Curtiss
8…cylinder; 60 h。 p。 motor; Paragon propeller; 7 feet in
diameter; 1;200 r。 p。 m。
With one exception Curtiss had the smallest machine of
any of those entering into competition。 The smallest was La
Demoiselle; made by Santos…Dumont; the proportions of which
were: plane length 20 feet; extreme breadth 18 feet; surface
area 100 square feet; Clement…Bayard 2…cylinder; 30 h。 p。 motor;
Chauviere propeller; 6 feet 6 inches in diameter; 1;100 r。 p。 m。
Winnings Made with Monoplanes。
Operators of monoplanes won a fair share of the cash prizes。
They won 30;283 out of a total of 63;250; to say nothing about
Grahame…White's winnings。 The latter won 13;600; but part
of his winning flights were made in a Bleriot monoplane; and
part in a Farman machine。 Aside from Grahame…White the
winnings were divided as follows: Moissant (Bleriot) 13;350;
Latham (Antoinette) 8;183; Aubrun (Bleriot) 2;400;
De Lesseps (Bleriot) 2;300; Drexel (Bleriot) 1;700; Radley
(Bleriot) 1;300; Simon (Bleriot) 750; Andemars (Clement…
Bayard) 100; Barrier (Bleriot) 100。
Out of a total of 30;283; operators of Bleriot machines won
21;900; again omitting Grahame…White's share。 If the winnings
with monoplane and biplane could be divided so as to
show the amount won with each type of machine the credit
side of the Bleriot account would be materially enlarged。
The Most Popular Monoplanes。
While the number of successful monoplanes is increasing
rapidly; and there is some feature of advantage in nearly all
the new makes; interest centers chiefly in the Santos…Dumont;
Antoinette and Bleriot machines。 This is because more has
been accomplished with them than with any of the others;
possibly because they have had greater opportunities。
For the guidance of those who may wish to build a machine
of the monoplane type after the Santos…Dumont or Bleriot
models; the following details will be found useful。
Santos…DumontThe latest production of this maker is
called the 〃No。 20 Baby。〃 It is of 18 feet spread; and 20 feet
over all in depth。 It stands 4 feet 2 inches in height; not
counting the propeller。 When this latter is in a vertical
position
the extreme height of the machine is 7 feet 5 inches。 It
is strictly a one…man apparatus。 The total surface area is 115
square feet。 The total weight of the monoplane with engine
and propeller is 352 pounds。 Santos…Dumont weighs 110
pounds; so the entire weight carried while in flight is 462
pounds; or about 3。6 pounds per square foot of surface。
Bamboo is used in the construction of the body frame; and
also for the frame of the tail。 The body frame consists of
three bamboo poles about 2 inches in diameter at the forward
end and tapering to about 1 inch at the rear。 These poles are
jointed with brass sockets near the rear of the main plane so
they may be taken apart easily for convenience in housing or
transportation。 The main plane
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