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flying machines-第29部分
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they may be taken apart easily for convenience in housing or
transportation。 The main plane is built upon four transverse
spars of ash; set at a slight dihedral angle; two being placed on
each side of the central bamboo。 These spars are about 2 inches
wide by 1 1/8…inch deep for a few feet each side of the center of
the machine; and from there taper down to an inch in depth
at the center bamboo; and at their outer ends; but the width
remains the same throughout their entire length。 The planes
are double surfaced with silk and laced above and below the
bamboo ribs which run fore and aft under the main spars and
terminate in a forked clip through which a wire is strung for
lacing on the silk。 The tail consists of a horizontal and
vertical
surface placed on a universal joint about 10 feet back of
the rear edge of the main plane。 Both of these surfaces are
flat and consist of a silk covering stretched upon bamboo ribs。
The horizontal surface is 6 feet 5 inches across; and 4 feet 9
inches from front to back。 The vertical surface is of the same
width (6 feet 5 inches) but is only 3 feet 7 inches from front
to back。 All the details of construction are shown in the
accompanying illustration。
Power is furnished by a very light (110 pounds) Darracq
motor; of the double…opposed…cylinder type。 It has a bore of
4。118 inches; and stroke of 4。724 inches; runs at 1;800 r。 p。 m。;
and with a 6 1/2…foot propeller develops a thrust of 242 1/2
pounds
when the monoplane is held steady。
BleriotNo。 XI; the latest of the Bleriot productions; and
the greatest record maker of the lot; is 28 feet in spread of
main
plane; and depth of 6 feet in largest part。 This would give a
main surface of 168 square feet; but as the ends of the plane
are sharply tapered from the rear; the actual surface is reduced
to 150 square feet。 Projecting from the main frame is an
elongated tail (shown in the illustration) which carries the
horizontal and vertical rudders。 The former is made in three
sections。 The center piece is 6 feet 1 inch in spread; and 2 feet
10 inches in depth; containing 17 square feet of surface。 The
end sections; which are made movable for warping purposes;
are each 2 feet 10 inches square; the combined surface area in
the entire horizontal rudder being 33 square feet。 The vertical
rudder contains 4 1/2 square feet of surface; making the entire
supporting area 187 1/2 square feet。
From the outer end of the propeller shaft in front to the extreme
rear edge of the vertical rudder; the machine is 25 feet
deep。 Deducting the 6…foot depth of the main plane leaves 19
feet as the length of the rudder beam and rudders。 The motor
equipment consists of a 3…cylinder; air…cooled engine of about
30 h。 p。 placed at the front end of the body frame; and carrying
on its crankshaft a two…bladed propeller 6 feet 8 inches in
diameter。 The engine speed is about 1;250 r。 p。 m。 at which
the propeller develops a thrust of over 200 pounds。
The Bleriot XI complete weighs 484 pounds; and with
operator and fuel supply ready for a 25… or 30…mile flight; 715
pounds。 One peculiarity of the Bleriot construction is that;
while the ribs of the main plane are curved; there is no
preliminary
bending of the pieces as in other forms of construction。
Bleriot has his rib pieces cut a little longer than required
and; by springing them into place; secures the necessary
curvature。 A good view of the Bleriot plane framework is
given on page 63。
Combined Triplane and Biplane。
At Norwich; Conn。; the Stebbins…Geynet Co。; after several
years of experiment; has begun the manufacture of a combination
triplane and biplane machine。 The center plane; which is
located about midway between the upper and lower surfaces;
is made removable。 The change from triplane to biplane; or
vice versa; may be readily made in a few minutes。 The
constructors
claim for this type of air craft a large supporting
surface area with the minimum of dimensions in planes。 Although
this machine has only 24…foot spread and is only 26
feet over all; its total amount of supporting area is 400 square
feet; weight; 600 pounds in flying order; and lifting capacity
approximately 700 pounds more。
The frame is made entirely of a selected grade of Oregon
spruce; finished down to a smooth surface and varnished。 All
struts are fish…shaped and set in aluminum sockets; which are
bolted to top and lower beams with special strong bolts of
small diameter。 The middle plane is set inside the six uprights
and held in place by aluminum castings。 A flexible twisted
seven…strand wire cable and Stebbins…Geynet turnbuckles are
used for trussing。
The top plane is in three sections; laced together。 It has a
24…foot spread and is 7 feet in depth。 The middle plane is in
two sections each of 7 1/2 feet spread and 6 feet in depth。 The
center ends of the middle plane sections do not come within
5 feet of joining; this open space being left for the engine。
The bottom plane is of 16 feet spread and 5 feet in depth。 It
will thus be seen that the planes overhang one another in depth;
the bottom one being the smallest in this respect。 The planes
are set at an angle of 9 degrees; and there is a clear space of 3
1/2 feet between each; making the total distance from the bottom
to the top plane a trifle over 7 feet。 The total supporting
surface in the main planes is 350 square feet。 By arranging the
three plane surfaces at an angle as described and varying their
size; the greatest amount of lifting area is secured above the
center of gravity; and the greatest weight carried below。
The ribs are made of laminated spruce; finished down to
1/2x3/4…inch cross section dimensions; with a curvature of about
1 in 20; and fastened to the beams with special aluminum
castings。
Number 2 Naiad aeroplane cloth is used in covering the
planes; with pockets sewn in for the ribs。
Two combination elevating rudders are set up well in front;
each having 18 square feet of supporting area。 These rudders
are arranged to work in unison; independently; or in opposite
directions。 In the Model B machine; there are also two small
rear elevating rudders; which work in unison with the front
rudders。 One vertical rudder of 10 square feet is suspended
in the rear of a small stationary horizontal plane in Model A;
while the vertical rudder on Model B is only 6 square feet in
size。 The elevating rudders are arranged so as to act as
stabilizing
planes when the machine is in flight。 The wing tips are
held in place with a special two…piece casting which forms a
hinge; and makes a quick detachable joint。 Wing tips are also
used in balancing。
Model A is equipped with a Cameron 25…30 h。 p。; 4…cylinder;
air…cooled motor。 On Model B a Holmes rotary 7…cylinder
motor of 4x4…inch bore and stroke is used。
Positive control is secured by use of the Stebbins…Geynet
〃auto…control〃 system。 A pull or push movement operates the
elevating rudders; while the balancing is done by means of
side movements or slight turns。 The rear vertical rudder is
manipulated by means of a foot lever。
New Cody Biplane。
Among the comparatively new biplanes is one constructed by
Willard F。 Cody; of London; Eng。; the principal distinctive
feature of which is an automaticcontrol which works independently
of the hand levers。 For the other control a long lever
carrying a steering wheel furnishes all the necessary control
movements; there being no footwork at all。 The lever is
universally jointed and when moved fore and aft operates the
two ailerons as if they were one; when the shaft is rotated it
moves the tail as a whole。 The horizontal tail component is
immovable。 When the lever is moved from side to side it works
not only the ailerons and the independent elevators; but also
through a peculiar arrangement; the vertical rear rudder as well。
The spread of the planes is 46 feet 6 inches and the width 6
feet 6 inches。 The ailerons jut out 1 foot 6 inches on each
side of the machine and are 13 feet 6 inches long。 The cross…
shaped tail is supported by an outrigger composed of two long
bamboos and of this the vertical plane is 9 feet by 4 feet; while
the horizontal plane is 8 feet by 4 feet。 The over…all length
of the machine is 36 feet。 The lifting surface is 857 square
feet。 It will weigh; with a pilot; 1;450 pounds。 The distance
between the main planes is 8 feet 6 inches; which is a rather
notable feature in this flyer。
The propeller has a diameter of 11 feet and 2 inches with a
13…foot 6…inch pitch; it is driven at 560 revolutions by a chain;
and the gear reduction between the chain and propeller shaft
is two to one。
The machine from elevator to tail plane bristles in original
points。 The hump in the ribs has been cut away entirely; so
that although the plane is double surfaced; the surfaces are
closest together at a point which approximates the center of
pressure。 The plane is practically of two stream…line forms;
of which one is the continuation of the other。 This construction;
claims the inventor; will give increased lift; and decreased
head resistance。 The trials substantiate this; as the angle of
incidence in flying is only about one in twenty…six。
The ribs in the main planes are made of strips of silver spruce
one…half by one…half inch; while those in the ailerons are solid
and one…fourth inch thick。 In the main planes the fabric is
held down with thin wooden fillets。 Cody's planes are noted
for their neatness; rigidity and smoothness。 Pegamoid fabric
is used throughout。
Pressey Automatic Control。
Another ingenious system of automatic control has been
perfected by Dr。 J。 B。 Pressey; of Newport News; Va。 The
aeroplane is equipped with a manually operated; vertical rudder;
(3); at the stern; and a horizontal; manually operated;
front control; (4); in front。 At the ends o
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