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flying machines-第30部分
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(3); at the stern; and a horizontal; manually operated;
front control; (4); in front。 At the ends of the main plane; and
about midway between the upper and lower sections thereof;
there are supplemental planes; (5)。
In connection with these supplemental planes (5); there is
employed a gravity influenced weight; the aviator in his seat;
for holding them in a horizontal; or substantially horizontal;
position when the main plane is traveling on an even keel; and
for causing them to tip when the main plane dips laterally; to
port or starboard; the planes (5) having a lifting effect upon
the
depressed end of the main plane; and a depressing effect upon
the lifted end of the main plane; so as to correct such lateral
dip
of the main plane; and restore it to an even keel。 To the
forward;
upper edge of planes (5) connection is made by means
of rod (13) to one arm of a bellcrank lever; (14) the latter
being
pivotally mounted upon a fore and aft pin (15); supported from
the main plane; and the other arms of the port and starboard
bellcrank levers (16); are connected by rod (17); which has an
eye (18); for receiving the segmental rod (19); secured to and
projecting from cross bar on seat supporting yoke (7)。 When;
therefore; the main plane tips downwardly on the starboard
side; the rod (17) will be moved bodily to starboard; and the
starboard balancing plane (5) will be inclined so as to raise its
forward edge and depress its rear edge; while; at the same time;
the port balancing plane (5); will be inclined so as to depress
its forward edge; and raise its rear edge; thereby causing the
starboard balancing plane to exert a lifting effect; and the port
balancing plane to exert a depressing effect upon the main
plane; with the result of restoring the main plane to an even
keel; at which time the balancing planes (5); will have resumed
their normal; horizontal position。
When the main plane dips downwardly on the port side; a
reverse action takes place; with the like result of restoring the
main plane to an even keel。 In order to correct forward and
aft dip of the main plane; fore and aft balancing planes (20)
and (23) are provided。 These planes are carried by transverse
rock shafts; which may be pivotally mounted in any suitable
way; upon structures carried by main plane。 In the present
instance; the forward balancing plane is pivotally mounted in
extensions (21) of the frame (22) which carries the forward;
manually operated; horizontal ascending and descending plane
It is absolutely necessary; in making a turn with an aeroplane;
if that turn is to be made in safety; that the main plane shall
be inclined; or 〃banked;〃 to a degree proportional to the
radius
of the curve and to the speed of the aeroplane。 Each different
curve; at the same speed; demands a different inclination; as is
also demanded by each variation in speed in rounding like
curves。 This invention gives the desired result with absolute
certainty。
The Sellers' Multiplane。
Another innovation is a multiplane; or four…surfaced machine;
built and operated by M。 B。 Sellers; formerly of Grahn; Ky。;
but now located at Norwood; Ga。 Aside from the use of four
sustaining surfaces; the novelty in the Sellers machine lies in
the fact that it is operated successfully with an 8 h。 p。 motor;
which is the smallest yet used in actual flight。 In describing
his work; Mr。 Sellers says his purpose has been to develop the
efficiency of the surfaces to a point where flight may be
obtained
with the minimum of power and; judging by the results
accomplished; he has succeeded。 In a letter written to the
authors of this book; Mr。 Sellers says:
〃I dislike having my machine called a quadruplane; because
the number of planes is immaterial; the distinctive feature being
the arrangement of the planes in steps; a better name would
be step aeroplane; or step plane。
〃The machine as patented; comprises two or more planes
arranged in step form; the highest being in front。 The machine
I am now using has four planes 3 ft。 x 18 ft。; total about 200
square feet; camber (arch) 1 in 16。
〃The vertical keel is for lateral stability; the rudder for
direction。 This is the first machine (so far as I know) to have a
combination of wheels and runners or skids (Oct。 1908)。 The
wheels rise up automatically when the machine leaves the
ground; so that it may alight on the runners。
〃A Duthirt & Chalmers 2…cylinder opposed; 3 1/8…inch engine
was used first; and several hundred short flights were made。
The engine gave four brake h。 p。; which was barely sufficient
for continued flight。 The aeroplane complete with this engine
weighed 78 pounds。 The engine now used is a Bates 3 5/8…inch;
2…cylinder opposed; showing 8 h。 p。; and apparently giving
plenty of power。 The weight of aeroplane with this engine is
now 110 pounds。 Owing to poor grounds only short flights
have been made; the longest to date (Dec。 31; 1910) being about
1;000 feet。
〃In building the present machine; my object was to produce a
safe; slow; light; and small h。 p。 aeroplane; a purpose which I
have accomplished。〃
CHAPTER XXVII。
1911 AEROPLANE RECORDS。
THE WORLD AT LARGE。
Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator
AloneE。 Nieuport; Mourmelon; France; June 21; Nieuport Machine;
82。72 miles; with one passenger; E。 Nieuport; Moumlelon; France;
June 12; Nieuport Machine; 67。11 miles; with two passengers; E。
Nieuport; Mourmelon; France; March 9; Nieuport Machine; 63。91
miles; with three passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March
10; Deperdussin Machine; 59。84 miles; with four passengers; G。
Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 54。21
miles。
Greatest Distance Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;
France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 447。01 miles; E。 Helen;
three stops; Etampes; France; September 8; Nieuport Machine;
778。45 miles; with one passenger; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; October
2; Etrich Machine; 155。34 miles; with two passengers; Lieut。
Bier; Austria; October 4; Etrich Machine; 69。59 miles; with three
passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin
Machine; 31。06 miles; with four passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims;
France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 15。99 miles。
Greatest Duration Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;
France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 11 hours; 1 minute; 29
seconds; E。 Helen; three stops; Etampes; France; September 8;
Nieuport Machine; 14 hours; 7 minutes; 50 seconds; 13 hours; 17
minutes net time; with one passenger; Suvelack; Johannisthal;
Germany; December 8; 4 hours; 23 minutes; with two passengers; T。
de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; New York; September 26;
Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds; with
three passengers; Warchalowski; Wiener…Neustadt; Aust。; October
30; 45 minutes; 46 seconds; with four passengers; G。 Busson;
Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 17 minutes; 28 1…5
seconds。
Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneGarros; St。 Malo; France;
September 4; Bleriot Machine; 13;362 feet; with one passenger;
Prevost; Courcy; France; December 2; 9;840 feet; with two
passengers; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; Etrich Machine; 4;010 feet。
AMERICAN RECORDS。
Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator
AloneA。 Leblanc; Belmont Park; N。 Y。; October 29; Bleriot
Machine; 67。87 miles; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…White;
Squantum; Mass。; September 4; Nieuport Machine; 63。23 miles; with
two passengers; T。 O。 M。 Sopwith; Chicago; Ill。; August 15;
Wright Machine; 34。96 miles。
Greatest Distance Aviator AloneSt。 Croix Johnstone; Mineola;
N。 Y。; July 27; Moisant (Bleriot Type) Machine; 176。23 miles。
Greatest Duration Aviator AloneHoward W。 Gill; Kinloch; Mo。;
October 19; Wright Machine; 4 hours; 16 minutes; 35 seconds; with
one passenger; G。 W。 Beatty; Chicago; Ill。; August 19; Wright
Machine; 3 hours; 42 minutes; 22 1…5 seconds; with two
passengers; T。 de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September
26; Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds。
Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneL。 Beachy; Chicago; Ill。; August
20; Curtiss Machine; 11;642 feet; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…
White; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September 30; Nieuport Machine;
3;347 feet。
Weight CarryingP。 O。 Parmelee; Chicago; III。; August 19;
Wright Machine; 458 lbs。
AVIATION DEVELOPMENT。
The wonderful progress made in the science of aviation
during the year 1911 far surpasses any twelve months' advancement
recorded。 The advancement has not been confined to any country or
continent; since every part of the world is taking its part in
aviation history making。
The rapidly increasing interest in aviation has brought
forth schools for the instruction of flying in both the old and
new world; and licensed air pilots before they receive their
sanctions from the governing aero clubs of their country are
required to pass an extremely trying examination in actual
flights。 Exhibition flights and races were common in all
parts of the world during 1911; and touring aviators visited
India; China; Japan; South Africa; Australia and South
America; giving exhibitions and instruction。
Europe was the scene of a number of cross…country races
in which entries ranging from ten to twenty aviators flew
from city to city around a given circuit; which in some
instances exceeded 1;000 miles in distance。 Cross…country
flights with and without passengers became so common that
those of less than two hours' duration attracted little
attention。 There were fewer attempts at high altitude soaring;
although the world's record in this department of aviation
was bettered several times。 In place of these high flights; the
aviators devoted more attention to speed; duration and
spectacular manoeuvres; which appeared to satis
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