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flying machines-第30部分

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(3); at the stern; and a horizontal; manually operated;

front control; (4); in front。 At the ends of the main plane; and

about midway between the upper and lower sections thereof;

there are supplemental planes; (5)。



In connection with these supplemental planes (5); there is

employed a gravity influenced weight; the aviator in his seat;

for holding them in a horizontal; or substantially horizontal;

position when the main plane is traveling on an even keel; and

for causing them to tip when the main plane dips laterally; to

port or starboard; the planes (5) having a lifting effect upon

the

depressed end of the main plane; and a depressing effect upon

the lifted end of the main plane; so as to correct such lateral

dip

of the main plane; and restore it to an even keel。 To the

forward;

upper edge of planes (5) connection is made by means

of rod (13) to one arm of a bellcrank lever; (14) the latter

being

pivotally mounted upon a fore and aft pin (15); supported from

the main plane; and the other arms of the port and starboard

bellcrank levers (16); are connected by rod (17); which has an

eye (18); for receiving the segmental rod (19); secured to and

projecting from cross bar on seat supporting yoke (7)。 When;

therefore; the main plane tips downwardly on the starboard

side; the rod (17) will be moved bodily to starboard; and the

starboard balancing plane (5) will be inclined so as to raise its

forward edge and depress its rear edge; while; at the same time;

the port balancing plane (5); will be inclined so as to depress

its forward edge; and raise its rear edge; thereby causing the

starboard balancing plane to exert a lifting effect; and the port

balancing plane to exert a depressing effect upon the main

plane; with the result of restoring the main plane to an even

keel; at which time the balancing planes (5); will have resumed

their normal; horizontal position。



When the main plane dips downwardly on the port side; a

reverse action takes place; with the like result of restoring the

main plane to an even keel。 In order to correct forward and

aft dip of the main plane; fore and aft balancing planes (20)

and (23) are provided。 These planes are carried by transverse

rock shafts; which may be pivotally mounted in any suitable

way; upon structures carried by main plane。 In the present

instance; the forward balancing plane is pivotally mounted in

extensions (21) of the frame (22) which carries the forward;

manually operated; horizontal ascending and descending plane



It is absolutely necessary; in making a turn with an aeroplane;

if that turn is to be made in safety; that the main plane shall

be inclined; or 〃banked;〃 to a degree proportional to the

radius

of the curve and to the speed of the aeroplane。 Each different

curve; at the same speed; demands a different inclination; as is

also demanded by each variation in speed in rounding like

curves。 This invention gives the desired result with absolute

certainty。



The Sellers' Multiplane。



Another innovation is a multiplane; or four…surfaced machine;

built and operated by M。 B。 Sellers; formerly of Grahn; Ky。;

but now located at Norwood; Ga。 Aside from the use of four

sustaining surfaces; the novelty in the Sellers machine lies in

the fact that it is operated successfully with an 8 h。 p。 motor;

which is the smallest yet used in actual flight。 In describing

his work; Mr。 Sellers says his purpose has been to develop the

efficiency of the surfaces to a point where flight may be

obtained

with the minimum of power and; judging by the results

accomplished; he has succeeded。 In a letter written to the

authors of this book; Mr。 Sellers says:



〃I dislike having my machine called a quadruplane; because

the number of planes is immaterial; the distinctive feature being

the arrangement of the planes in steps; a better name would

be step aeroplane; or step plane。



〃The machine as patented; comprises two or more planes

arranged in step form; the highest being in front。 The machine

I am now using has four planes 3 ft。 x 18 ft。; total about 200

square feet; camber (arch) 1 in 16。



〃The vertical keel is for lateral stability; the rudder for

direction。 This is the first machine (so far as I know) to have a

combination of wheels and runners or skids (Oct。 1908)。 The

wheels rise up automatically when the machine leaves the

ground; so that it may alight on the runners。



〃A Duthirt & Chalmers 2…cylinder opposed; 3 1/8…inch engine

was used first; and several hundred short flights were made。

The engine gave four brake h。 p。; which was barely sufficient

for continued flight。 The aeroplane complete with this engine

weighed 78 pounds。 The engine now used is a Bates 3 5/8…inch;

2…cylinder opposed; showing 8 h。 p。; and apparently giving

plenty of power。 The weight of aeroplane with this engine is

now 110 pounds。 Owing to poor grounds only short flights

have been made; the longest to date (Dec。 31; 1910) being about

1;000 feet。



〃In building the present machine; my object was to produce a

safe; slow; light; and small h。 p。 aeroplane; a purpose which I

have accomplished。〃







CHAPTER XXVII。



1911 AEROPLANE RECORDS。



THE WORLD AT LARGE。



Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator

AloneE。 Nieuport; Mourmelon; France; June 21; Nieuport Machine;

82。72 miles; with one passenger; E。 Nieuport; Moumlelon; France;

June 12; Nieuport Machine; 67。11 miles; with two passengers; E。

Nieuport; Mourmelon; France; March 9; Nieuport Machine; 63。91

miles; with three passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March

10; Deperdussin Machine; 59。84 miles; with four passengers; G。

Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 54。21

miles。



Greatest Distance Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;

France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 447。01 miles; E。 Helen;

three stops; Etampes; France; September 8; Nieuport Machine;

778。45 miles; with one passenger; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; October

2; Etrich Machine; 155。34 miles; with two passengers; Lieut。

Bier; Austria; October 4; Etrich Machine; 69。59 miles; with three

passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin

Machine; 31。06 miles; with four passengers; G。 Busson; Rheims;

France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 15。99 miles。



Greatest Duration Aviator AloneG。 Fourny; no stops; Buc;

France; September 2; M。 Farman Machine; 11 hours; 1 minute; 29

seconds; E。 Helen; three stops; Etampes; France; September 8;

Nieuport Machine; 14 hours; 7 minutes; 50 seconds; 13 hours; 17

minutes net time; with one passenger; Suvelack; Johannisthal;

Germany; December 8; 4 hours; 23 minutes; with two passengers; T。

de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; New York; September 26;

Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds; with

three passengers; Warchalowski; Wiener…Neustadt; Aust。; October

30; 45 minutes; 46 seconds; with four passengers; G。 Busson;

Rheims; France; March 10; Deperdussin Machine; 17 minutes; 28 1…5

seconds。



Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneGarros; St。 Malo; France;

September 4; Bleriot Machine; 13;362 feet; with one passenger;

Prevost; Courcy; France; December 2; 9;840 feet; with two

passengers; Lieut。 Bier; Austria; Etrich Machine; 4;010 feet。



AMERICAN RECORDS。



Greatest Speed Per Hour; Whatever Length of Flight; Aviator

AloneA。 Leblanc; Belmont Park; N。 Y。; October 29; Bleriot

Machine; 67。87 miles; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…White;

Squantum; Mass。; September 4; Nieuport Machine; 63。23 miles; with

two passengers; T。 O。 M。 Sopwith; Chicago; Ill。; August 15;

Wright Machine; 34。96 miles。



Greatest Distance Aviator AloneSt。 Croix Johnstone; Mineola;

N。 Y。; July 27; Moisant (Bleriot Type) Machine; 176。23 miles。



Greatest Duration Aviator AloneHoward W。 Gill; Kinloch; Mo。;

October 19; Wright Machine; 4 hours; 16 minutes; 35 seconds; with

one passenger; G。 W。 Beatty; Chicago; Ill。; August 19; Wright

Machine; 3 hours; 42 minutes; 22 1…5 seconds; with two

passengers; T。 de W。 Milling; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September

26; Burgess…Wright Machine; 1 hour; 54 minutes; 42 3…5 seconds。



Greatest Altitude Aviator AloneL。 Beachy; Chicago; Ill。; August

20; Curtiss Machine; 11;642 feet; with one passenger; C。 Grahame…

White; Nassau Boulevard; N。 Y。; September 30; Nieuport Machine;

3;347 feet。



Weight CarryingP。 O。 Parmelee; Chicago; III。; August 19;

Wright Machine; 458 lbs。



AVIATION DEVELOPMENT。



The wonderful progress made in the science of aviation

during the year 1911 far surpasses any twelve months' advancement

recorded。 The advancement has not been confined to any country or

continent; since every part of the world is taking its part in

aviation history making。



The rapidly increasing interest in aviation has brought

forth schools for the instruction of flying in both the old and

new world; and licensed air pilots before they receive their

sanctions from the governing aero clubs of their country are

required to pass an extremely trying examination in actual

flights。 Exhibition flights and races were common in all

parts of the world during 1911; and touring aviators visited

India; China; Japan; South Africa; Australia and South

America; giving exhibitions and instruction。



Europe was the scene of a number of cross…country races

in which entries ranging from ten to twenty aviators flew

from city to city around a given circuit; which in some

instances exceeded 1;000 miles in distance。 Cross…country

flights with and without passengers became so common that

those of less than two hours' duration attracted little

attention。 There were fewer attempts at high altitude soaring;

although the world's record in this department of aviation

was bettered several times。 In place of these high flights; the

aviators devoted more attention to speed; duration and

spectacular manoeuvres; which appeared to satis
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