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flying machines-第32部分

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A British naval airship; one of the largest yet built; was

completed last summer。 It has cost over 200;000; and it was

in course of designing and construction two years。 It is 510

feet long; can carry 22 persons; and has a lift of 21 tons。



The relative value of the dirigible balloon and the aeroplane

in actual war is yet to be determined。 The dirigible

is considered to be the safer; yet several large balloons of this

class in Germany and France have met with disaster; involving

loss of lives。 The capacity of the dirigible for longer

flights and its superior facilities for carrying apparatus and

operators for wireless telegraphy are distinct advantages。



There has not yet been much opportunity to test the airship

in actual warfare。 The aeroplane has been used by the

Italians in Tripoli for scouting and reconnoitering and is said

to have justified expectations。 On several occasions the Italian

military aviators followed the movements of the enemy; in

one instance as far as forty miles inland。 At the time of the

attack by the Turks a skillful aeroplane reconnaissance revealed

the approach of a large Turkish force; believed to be at

the time sixty miles away in the mountains。



Aeroplanes and airships; as they exist today; would doubtless

render very valuable service in a time of war; both over

land and water; in scouting; reconnoitering; carrying dispatches;

and as some experts believe; in locating submarines

and mines placed by the enemy in channels of exits from ports。

A 〃coast aeroplane〃 could fly out 30 or 40 miles from land。

and rising to a great height; descry any hostile ships on the

distant horizon; observe their number; strength; formation and

direction; and return within two hours with a report to obtain

which would require several swift torpedo…boat destroyers

and a much greater time。 The question as to whether it

would be practicable to bombard an enemy on land or sea

with explosive bombs dropped or discharged from flying machines

or airships; is one which is much discussed but hardly

yet determined。



Aeroplanes have been constructed with floats in the place

of runners and several attempts have been made; in some

cases successfully; to light with them on and to rise from the

water。 Mr。 Curtiss did this at San Francisco; in January;

1911。 Attempts have also been made with the aeroplane to

alight on and to take flight from the deck of a warship。 Toward

the end of 1910 Aviator Ely flew to land from the

cruiser Birmingham; and in January; 1911; he flew from land

and alighted on the cruiser Pennsylvania。 But in these cases

special arrangements were made which would be hardly practicable

in a time of actual war。



In November; 1911; a test was made at Newport; R。 I。; by

Lieut。 Rodgers; of the navy; of a 〃hydro…areoplane〃 as an

auxiliary to a battleship。 The idea of the test was to alight

alongside of the ship; hoist the machine aboard; put out to sea

and launch the machine again with the use of a crane。 Lieut。

Rodgers came down smoothly alongside the Ohio; his machine

was easily drawn aboard with a crane; and the Ohio steamed

down to the open sea; where it was blowing half a gale。 But;

owing to the misjudgment of the ship's headway; one of the

wings of the machine when it struck the water after being

released from the crane; went under the water and was

snapped off。 Lieut。 Rodgers was convinced that this method

was too risky and that some other must be devised。







CHAPTER XXVIII。



GLOSSARY OF AERONAUTICAL TERMS。



Aerodrome。Literally a machine that runs in the air。

Aerofoil。The advancing transverse section of an aeroplane。



Aeroplane。A flying machine of the glider pattern;

used in contra…distinction to a dirigible balloon。



Aeronaut。A person who travels in the air。



Aerostat。A machine sustaining weight in the air。 A

balloon is an aerostat。



Aerostatic。Pertaining to suspension in the air; the

art of aerial navigation。



Ailerons。Small stabilizing planes attached to the main

planes to assist in preserving equilibrium。



Angle of Incidence。Angle formed by making comparison

with a perpendicular line or body。



Angle of Inclination。Angle at which a flying machine

rises。 This angle; like that of incidence; is obtained

by comparison with an upright; or perpendicular line。



Auxiliary Planes。Minor plane surfaces; used in conjunction

with the main planes for stabilizing purposes。



Biplane。A flying…machine of the glider type with two

surface planes。



Blade Twist。The angle of twist or curvature on a

propeller blade。



Cambered。Curve or arch in plane; or wing from port

to starboard。



Chassis。The under framework of a flying machine; the

framework of the lower plane。



Control。System by which the rudders and stabilizing

planes are manipulated。



Dihedral。Having two sides and set at an angle; like

dihedral planes; or dihedral propeller blades。



Dirigible。Obedient to a rudder; something that may

be steered or directed。



Helicopter。Flying machine the lifting power of which

is furnished by vertical propellers。



Lateral Curvature。Parabolic form in a transverse direction。



Lateral Equilibrium or Stability。Maintenance of the

machine on an even keel transversely。 If the lateral

equilibrium is perfect the extreme ends of the machine

will be on a dead level。



Longitudinal Equilibrium or Stability。Maintenance of

the machine on an even keel from front to rear。



Monoplane。Flying machine with one supporting; or

surface plane。



Multiplane。Flying machine with more than three surface

planes。



Ornithopter。Flying machine with movable bird…like

wings。



Parabolic Curves。Having the form of a parabolaa

conic section。



Pitch of Propeller Blade。See 〃Twist。〃



Ribs。The pieces over which the cloth covering is

stretched。



Spread。The distance from end to end of the main surface;

the transverse dimension。



Stanchions。Upright pieces connecting the upper and

lower frames。



Struts。The pieces which hold together longitudinally

the main frame beams。



Superposed。Placed one over another。



Surface Area。The amount of cloth…covered supporting

surface which furnishes the sustaining quality。



Sustentation。Suspension in the air。 Power of sustentation;

the quality of sustaining a weight in the air。



Triplane。Flying machine with three surface planes。



Thrust of Propeller。Power with which the blades displace

the air。



Width。The distance from the front to the rear edge

of a flying machine。



Wind Pressure。The force exerted by the wind when

a body is moving against it。 There is always more

or less wind pressure; even in a calm。



Wing Tips。The extreme ends of the main surface

planes。 Sometimes these are movable parts of the

main planes; and sometimes separate auxiliary planes。











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