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the¡¡place¡¡of¡¡operation¡¡should¡¡be¡¡clear¡¡and¡¡the¡¡wind

moderate¡¡and¡¡steady¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡is¡¡gusty¡¡postpone¡¡your¡¡flight¡£

In¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡the¡¡velocity

of¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡it¡¡means¡¡as¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the

following¡¡table£º



Miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡¡Feet¡¡per¡¡second¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Pressure¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡foot

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡14¡£7¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£492

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36¡£7¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£075

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡73¡£3¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12¡£300

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡100¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡146¡£6¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡49¡£200



Pressure¡¡of¡¡wind¡¡increases¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡square

of¡¡the¡¡velocity¡£¡¡Thus¡¡wind¡¡at¡¡10¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡has¡¡four

times¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡of¡¡wind¡¡at¡¡5¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£¡¡The

greater¡¡this¡¡pressure¡¡the¡¡large¡¡and¡¡heavier¡¡the¡¡object

which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡raised¡£¡¡Any¡¡boy¡¡who¡¡has¡¡had¡¡experience

in¡¡flying¡¡kites¡¡can¡¡testify¡¡to¡¡this£»¡¡High¡¡winds£»¡¡however£»

are¡¡almost¡¡invariably¡¡gusty¡¡and¡¡uncertain¡¡as¡¡to¡¡direction£»

and¡¡this¡¡makes¡¡them¡¡dangerous¡¡for¡¡aviators¡£¡¡It

is¡¡also¡¡a¡¡self¡­evident¡¡fact¡¡that£»¡¡beyond¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡stage£»

the¡¡harder¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡blows¡¡the¡¡more¡¡difficult¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to

make¡¡headway¡¡against¡¡it¡£



Launching¡¡Device¡¡for¡¡Gliders¡£



On¡¡page¡¡195¡¡will¡¡be¡¡found¡¡a¡¡diagram¡¡of¡¡the¡¡various

parts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡launcher¡¡for¡¡gliders£»¡¡designed¡¡and¡¡patented

by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Octave¡¡Chanute¡£¡¡In¡¡describing¡¡this¡¡invention

in¡¡Aeronautics£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Chanute¡¡says£º



¡¨In¡¡practicing£»¡¡the¡¡track£»¡¡preferably¡¡portable£»¡¡is

generally¡¡laid¡¡in¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡wind¡¡and

the¡¡car£»¡¡preferably¡¡a¡¡light¡¡platform¡­car£»¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡on¡¡the

track¡£¡¡The¡¡truck¡¡carrying¡¡the¡¡winding¡­drum¡¡and¡¡its¡¡motor

is¡¡placed¡¡to¡¡windward¡¡a¡¡suitable¡¡distancesay¡¡from

two¡¡hundred¡¡to¡¡one¡¡thousand¡¡feetand¡¡is¡¡firmly¡¡blocked

or¡¡anchored¡¡in¡¡line¡¡with¡¡the¡¡portable¡¡track£»¡¡which¡¡is

preferably¡¡80¡¡or¡¡100¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡length¡£¡¡The¡¡flying¡¡or¡¡gliding

machine¡¡to¡¡be¡¡launched¡¡with¡¡its¡¡operator¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡on

the¡¡platform¡­car¡¡at¡¡the¡¡leeward¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡portable¡¡track¡£

The¡¡line£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡preferably¡¡a¡¡flexible¡¡combination

wire¡­and¡­cord¡¡cable£»¡¡is¡¡stretched¡¡between¡¡the¡¡winding¡­

drum¡¡on¡¡the¡¡track¡¡and¡¡detachably¡¡secured¡¡to¡¡the¡¡flying

or¡¡gliding¡¡machine£»¡¡preferably¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡trip¡­hoop£»

or¡¡else¡¡held¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the

operator¡¡may¡¡readily¡¡detach¡¡the¡¡same¡¡from¡¡the¡¡flying¡­

machine¡¡when¡¡the¡¡desired¡¡height¡¡is¡¡attained¡£



How¡¡Glider¡¡Is¡¡Started¡£



¡¨Then¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡signal¡¡given¡¡by¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡the¡¡engineer

at¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡puts¡¡it¡¡into¡¡operation£»¡¡gradually¡¡increasing

the¡¡speed¡¡until¡¡the¡¡line¡¡is¡¡wound¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡drum

at¡¡a¡¡maximum¡¡speed¡¡of£»¡¡say£»¡¡thirty¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£¡¡The

operator¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flying¡­machine£»¡¡whether¡¡he¡¡stands¡¡upright¡¡and

carries¡¡it¡¡on¡¡his¡¡shoulders£»¡¡or¡¡whether¡¡he¡¡sits

or¡¡lies¡¡down¡¡prone¡¡upon¡¡it£»¡¡adjusts¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡or

carrying¡¡surfaces¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡shall¡¡strike¡¡them¡¡on

the¡¡top¡¡and¡¡press¡¡downward¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡upward¡¡until

the¡¡platform¡­car¡¡under¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡winding¡­drum¡¡and

line¡¡attains¡¡the¡¡required¡¡speed¡£



¡¨When¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡judges¡¡that¡¡his¡¡speed¡¡is¡¡sufficient£»

and¡¡this¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡velocity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡as¡¡well

as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡car¡¡moving¡¡against¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡he¡¡quickly

causes¡¡the¡¡front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flying¡­machine¡¡to¡¡tip¡¡upward£»¡¡so

that¡¡the¡¡relative¡¡wind¡¡striking¡¡on¡¡the¡¡under¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the

planes¡¡or¡¡carrying¡¡surfaces¡¡shall¡¡lift¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡machine

into¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡It¡¡then¡¡ascends¡¡like¡¡a¡¡kite¡¡to¡¡such¡¡height

as¡¡may¡¡be¡¡desired¡¡by¡¡the¡¡operator£»¡¡who¡¡then¡¡trips¡¡the

hook¡¡and¡¡releases¡¡the¡¡line¡¡from¡¡the¡¡machine¡£



What¡¡the¡¡Operator¡¡Does¡£



¡¨The¡¡operator¡¡being¡¡now¡¡free¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡¡has¡¡a¡¡certain

initial¡¡velocity¡¡imparted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡winding¡­drum¡¡and¡¡line

and¡¡also¡¡a¡¡potential¡¡energy¡¡corresponding¡¡to¡¡his¡¡height

above¡¡the¡¡ground¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡or¡¡gliding¡¡machine¡¡is

provided¡¡with¡¡a¡¡motor£»¡¡he¡¡can¡¡utilize¡¡that¡¡in¡¡his¡¡further

flight£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡gliding¡¡machine¡¡without

motor¡¡he¡¡can¡¡make¡¡a¡¡descending¡¡flight¡¡through¡¡the¡¡air

to¡¡such¡¡distance¡¡as¡¡corresponds¡¡to¡¡the¡¡velocity¡¡acquired

and¡¡the¡¡height¡¡gained£»¡¡steering¡¡meanwhile¡¡by¡¡the¡¡devices

provided¡¡for¡¡that¡¡purpose¡£



¡¨The¡¡simplest¡¡operation¡¡or¡¡maneuver¡¡is¡¡to¡¡continue

the¡¡flight¡¡straight¡¡ahead¡¡against¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible

to¡¡vary¡¡this¡¡course¡¡to¡¡the¡¡right¡¡or¡¡left£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡to

return¡¡in¡¡downward¡¡flight¡¡with¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡to¡¡the¡¡vicinity

of¡¡the¡¡starting¡­point¡£¡¡Upon¡¡nearing¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡the

operator¡¡tips¡¡upward¡¡his¡¡carrying¡­surfaces¡¡and¡¡stops¡¡his

headway¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡cushion¡¡of¡¡increased¡¡air¡¡resistance

so¡¡caused¡£¡¡The¡¡operator¡¡is¡¡in¡¡no¡¡way¡¡permanently

fastened¡¡to¡¡his¡¡machine£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡the¡¡operator

simply¡¡rest¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡light¡¡platform¡­car£»¡¡so¡¡that

the¡¡operator¡¡is¡¡free¡¡to¡¡rise¡¡with¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡from¡¡the

car¡¡whenever¡¡the¡¡required¡¡initial¡¡velocity¡¡is¡¡attained¡£



Motor¡¡For¡¡the¡¡Launcher¡£



¡¨The¡¡motor¡¡may¡¡be¡¡of¡¡any¡¡suitable¡¡kind¡¡or¡¡construction£»

but¡¡is¡¡preferably¡¡an¡¡electric¡¡or¡¡gasolene¡¡motor¡£

The¡¡winding¡­drum¡¡is¡¡furnished¡¡with¡¡any¡¡suitable¡¡or¡¡customary

reversing¡­guide¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡the¡¡line¡¡to¡¡wind¡¡smoothly

and¡¡evenly¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡drum¡£¡¡The¡¡line¡¡is¡¡preferably¡¡a

cable¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡flexible¡¡wire¡¡and¡¡having¡¡a¡¡cotton¡¡or

other¡¡cord¡¡core¡¡to¡¡increase¡¡its¡¡flexibility¡£¡¡The¡¡line

extends¡¡from¡¡the¡¡drum¡¡to¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡or¡¡gliding¡¡machine¡£

Its¡¡free¡¡end¡¡may£»¡¡if¡¡desired£»¡¡be¡¡grasped¡¡and¡¡held¡¡by¡¡the

operator¡¡until¡¡the¡¡flying¡­machine¡¡ascends¡¡to¡¡the¡¡desired

height£»¡¡when¡¡by¡¡simply¡¡letting¡¡go¡¡of¡¡the¡¡line¡¡the¡¡operator

may¡¡continue¡¡his¡¡flight¡¡free¡£¡¡The¡¡line£»¡¡however£»¡¡is¡¡preferably

connected¡¡to¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡or¡¡gliding¡¡machine

directly¡¡by¡¡a¡¡trip¡­hook¡¡having¡¡a¡¡handle¡¡or¡¡trip¡¡lever

within¡¡reach¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡when¡¡he¡¡ascends

to¡¡the¡¡required¡¡height¡¡he¡¡may¡¡readily¡¡detach¡¡the¡¡line

from¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡or¡¡gliding¡¡machine¡£¡¨







CHAPTER¡¡VII¡£



PUTTING¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡RUDDER¡£



Gliders¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡have¡¡only¡¡one¡¡rudder£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡is¡¡in

the¡¡rear¡£¡¡It¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡apparatus¡¡with¡¡its¡¡head¡¡to

the¡¡wind¡£¡¡Unlike¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡on¡¡a¡¡boat¡¡it¡¡is¡¡fixed¡¡and

immovable¡£¡¡The¡¡real¡¡motor¡­propelled¡¡flying¡¡machine£»

generally¡¡has¡¡both¡¡front¡¡and¡¡rear¡¡rudders¡¡manipulated

by¡¡wire¡¡cables¡¡at¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator¡£



Allowing¡¡that¡¡the¡¡amateur¡¡has¡¡become¡¡reasonably¡¡expert

in¡¡the¡¡manipulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡¡he¡¡should£»¡¡before

constructing¡¡an¡¡actual¡¡flying¡¡machine£»¡¡equip¡¡his¡¡glider

with¡¡a¡¡rudder¡£



Cross¡¡Pieces¡¡for¡¡Rudder¡¡Beam¡£



To¡¡do¡¡this¡¡he¡¡should¡¡begin¡¡by¡¡putting¡¡in¡¡a¡¡cross¡¡piece£»

2¡¡feet¡¡long¡¡by¡¡1/4x3/4¡¡inches¡¡between¡¡the¡¡center¡¡struts£»

in¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£¡¡This¡¡may¡¡be¡¡fastened¡¡to¡¡the¡¡struts

with¡¡bolts¡¡or¡¡braces¡£¡¡The¡¡former¡¡method¡¡is¡¡preferable¡£

On¡¡this¡¡cross¡¡piece£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡frame¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plane

itself£»¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡beam¡¡is¡¡clamped¡¡and¡¡bolted¡£¡¡This

rudder¡¡beam¡¡is¡¡8¡¡feet¡¡11¡¡inches¡¡long¡£¡¡Having¡¡put¡¡these

in¡¡place¡¡duplicate¡¡them¡¡in¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡and

dimensions¡¡from¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡frame¡¡The¡¡cross¡¡pieces¡¡on

which¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡beams¡¡are¡¡clamped¡¡should

be¡¡placed¡¡about¡¡one¡¡foot¡¡in¡¡advance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡frame

beam¡£



The¡¡Rudder¡¡Itself¡£



The¡¡next¡¡step¡¡is¡¡to¡¡construct¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡itself¡£¡¡This

consists¡¡of¡¡two¡¡sections£»¡¡one¡¡horizontal£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡vertical¡£

The¡¡latter¡¡keeps¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡headed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡wind£»

while¡¡the¡¡former¡¡keeps¡¡it¡¡steadypreserves¡¡the¡¡equilibrium¡£



The¡¡rudder¡¡beams¡¡form¡¡the¡¡top¡¡and¡¡bottom¡¡frames¡¡of

the¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡£¡¡To¡¡these¡¡are¡¡bolted¡¡and¡¡clamped

two¡¡upright¡¡pieces£»¡¡3¡¡feet£»¡¡10¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡and¡¡3/4

inch¡¡in¡¡cross¡¡section¡£¡¡These¡¡latter¡¡pieces¡¡are¡¡placed¡¡about

two¡¡feet¡¡apart¡£¡¡This¡¡completes¡¡the¡¡framework¡¡of¡¡the

vertical¡¡rudder¡£¡¡See¡¡next¡¡page¡¡£¨59£©¡£



For¡¡the¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡you¡¡will¡¡require¡¡two¡¡strips

6¡¡feet¡¡long£»¡¡and¡¡four¡¡2¡¡feet¡¡long¡£¡¡Find¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡center

of¡¡the¡¡upright¡¡pieces¡¡on¡¡the¡¡vertical¡¡rudder£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡this

spot¡¡fasten¡¡with¡¡bolts¡¡the¡¡long¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡horizontal£»

placing¡¡them¡¡on¡¡the¡¡outside¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vertical¡¡strips¡£¡¡Next

join¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡horizontal¡¡strips¡¡with¡¡the¡¡2¡­foot

pieces£»¡¡using¡¡small¡¡screws¡¡and¡¡corner¡¡braces¡£¡¡This¡¡done

you¡¡will¡¡have¡¡two¡¡of¡¡the¡¡2¡­foot¡¡pieces¡¡left¡£¡¡These¡¡go¡¡in

the¡¡center¡¡of¡¡the¡¡horizontal¡¡frame£»¡¡¡¨straddling¡¨¡¡the

vertical¡¡strips£»¡¡as¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡illustration¡£



The¡¡framework¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡cloth¡¡in¡¡the

same¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡the¡¡planes¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡about¡¡ten¡¡yards

will¡¡be¡¡needed¡£



Strengthening¡¡the¡¡Rudder¡£



To¡¡ensure¡¡rigidity¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡must¡¡be¡¡stayed¡¡with

guy¡¡wires¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡purpose¡¡the¡¡No¡£¡¡12¡¡piano¡¡wire¡¡is

the¡¡best¡£¡¡Begin¡¡by¡¡running¡¡two¡¡of¡¡these¡¡wires¡¡from¡¡the

top¡¡eye¡­bolts¡¡of¡¡stanchions¡¡3¡¡and¡¡4£»¡¡page¡¡37£»¡¡to¡¡rudder

beam¡¡where¡¡it¡¡joins¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡planes£»¡¡fastening¡¡them

at¡¡the¡¡bottom¡£¡¡Then¡¡run¡¡two¡¡wires¡¡from¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡the

rudder¡¡beam¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡point£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡eye¡­bolts

of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡stanchions¡£¡¡This¡¡will¡¡give¡¡you¡¡four¡¡diagonal

wires¡¡reaching¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡beam¡¡to¡¡the¡¡top

and¡¡bottom¡¡planes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡outer

ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡frame¡¡run¡¡four¡¡similar¡¡diagonal¡¡wires

to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡beam¡¡where¡¡it¡¡rests¡¡on¡¡the

cross¡¡piece¡£¡¡You¡¡will¡¡then¡¡have¡¡eight¡¡truss¡¡wires

strengthening¡¡the¡¡connection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡to¡¡the¡¡main

body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡£



The¡¡framework¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡then¡¡to¡¡be

braced¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡take¡¡eight¡¡more

wires£»¡¡four¡¡for¡¡each¡¡rudder¡¡plane¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡wires¡¡are

to¡¡be¡¡connected¡¡at¡¡one¡¡end¡¡with¡¡turn¡­buckles¡¡so¡¡the

tension¡¡may¡¡be¡¡regulated¡¡as¡¡desired¡£



In¡¡forming¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡frame¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡mortise

the¡¡corners£»¡¡tack¡¡them¡¡together¡¡with¡¡small¡¡nails£»¡¡and

then¡¡put¡¡in¡¡a¡¡corner¡¡brace¡¡in¡¡the¡¡inside¡¡of¡¡each¡¡joint¡£

In¡¡doing¡¡this¡¡bear¡¡in¡¡mind¡¡that¡¡the¡¡material¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thus

fastened¡¡is¡¡light£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡lightest¡¡of¡¡nails£»

screws£»¡¡bolts¡¡and¡¡corner¡¡pieces£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡is¡¡necessary¡£







CHAPTER¡¡VIII¡£



THE¡¡REAL¡¡FLYING¡¡MACHINE¡£



We¡¡will¡¡now¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡you¡¡have¡¡become¡¡proficient

enough¡¡to¡¡warrant¡¡an¡¡attempt¡¡at¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡a

real¡¡flying¡¡machineone¡¡that¡¡will¡¡not¡¡only¡¡remain¡¡suspended

in¡¡the¡¡air¡¡at¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator£»¡¡but¡¡make

respectable¡¡progress¡¡in¡¡whatever¡¡direction¡¡he¡¡may¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡go¡£

The¡¡glider£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡remembered£»¡¡is¡¡not

steerable£»¡¡except¡¡to¡¡a¡¡limited¡¡extent£»¡¡and¡¡moves¡¡only¡¡in

one¡¡directionagain
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