ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
flying machines-µÚ9²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
¡¨lists¡¨¡¡to¡¡starboard¡¡or¡¡port¡¡a¡¡preponderating¡¡weight¡¡of
the¡¡cargo¡¡has¡¡shifted¡¡sideways£»¡¡if¡¡bow¡¡or¡¡stern¡¡is¡¡unduly
depressed¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡sure¡¡indication¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡has¡¡shifted
accordingly¡£¡¡In¡¡either¡¡event¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡of¡¡the¡¡craft
becomes¡¡not¡¡only¡¡difficult£»¡¡but¡¡extremely¡¡hazardous¡£
Exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conditions¡¡prevail¡¡in¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡of¡¡a
flying¡¡machine¡£
Shape¡¡of¡¡Machine¡¡a¡¡Factor¡£
In¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡you¡¡must¡¡be¡¡governed¡¡largely¡¡by
the¡¡shape¡¡and¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡frame¡£
If¡¡the¡¡bulk¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡auxiliaries
is¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡rear£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡location¡¡for¡¡the¡¡motor
will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡the¡¡front¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡counterbalance¡¡the
excess¡¡in¡¡rear¡¡weight¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡if¡¡the
preponderance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡is¡¡forward£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡motor
should¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡back¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡£
As¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡blade¡¡is¡¡really¡¡an¡¡integral¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the
motor£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡being¡¡useless¡¡without¡¡it£»¡¡its¡¡placing
naturally¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡location¡¡selected¡¡for¡¡the
motor¡£
Rudders¡¡and¡¡Auxiliary¡¡Planes¡£
Here¡¡again¡¡there¡¡is¡¡great¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡among
aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡size£»¡¡location¡¡and¡¡form¡£¡¡The¡¡striking
difference¡¡of¡¡ideas¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect¡¡is¡¡well¡¡illustrated¡¡in
the¡¡choice¡¡made¡¡by¡¡prominent¡¡makers¡¡as¡¡follows£º
Voisinhorizontal¡¡rudder£»¡¡with¡¡two¡¡wing¡like¡¡planes£»
in¡¡front£»¡¡box¡like¡¡longitudinal¡¡stability¡¡plane¡¡in¡¡rear£»
inside¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡£
Wrightlarge¡¡biplane¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front¡¡at
considerable¡¡distanceabout¡¡10¡¡feetfrom¡¡the¡¡main
planes£»¡¡vertical¡¡biplane¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡upper
and¡¡lower¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡made¡¡flexible¡¡so¡¡they¡¡may¡¡be
moved¡£
Curtisshorizontal¡¡biplane¡¡rudder£»¡¡with¡¡vertical¡¡damping
plane¡¡between¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡planes¡¡about¡¡10¡¡feet¡¡in
front¡¡of¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡stabilizing
planes¡¡at¡¡each¡¡end¡¡of¡¡upper¡¡main¡¡plane¡£
BleriotV¡shaped¡¡stabilizing¡¡fin£»¡¡projecting¡¡from¡¡rear
of¡¡plane£»¡¡with¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡outward£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡of
this¡¡fin¡¡is¡¡hinged¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder£»¡¡horizontal¡¡biplane
rudder£»¡¡also¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡fin¡£
These¡¡instances¡¡show¡¡forcefully¡¡the¡¡wide¡¡diversity¡¡of
opinion¡¡existing¡¡among¡¡experienced¡¡aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the
best¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡rudders¡¡and¡¡stabilizing£»¡¡or
auxiliary¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡manifest¡¡how¡¡hopeless¡¡would
be¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡attempting¡¡to¡¡select¡¡any¡¡one¡¡form¡¡and
advise¡¡its¡¡exclusive¡¡use¡£
Rudder¡¡and¡¡Auxiliary¡¡Construction¡£
The¡¡material¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudders
and¡¡auxiliary¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡that¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main
planesspruce¡¡for¡¡the¡¡framework¡¡and¡¡some¡¡kind¡¡of
rubberized¡¡or¡¡varnished¡¡cloth¡¡for¡¡the¡¡covering¡£¡¡The
frames¡¡are¡¡joined¡¡and¡¡wired¡¡in¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner
as¡¡the¡¡frames¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡being¡¡to
secure¡¡the¡¡same¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡rigidity¡£¡¡Dimensions¡¡of
the¡¡various¡¡parts¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡adopted¡¡and¡¡the
size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡plane¡£
No¡¡details¡¡as¡¡to¡¡exact¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡these¡¡rudders¡¡and
auxiliary¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡obtainable¡£¡¡The¡¡various¡¡builders£»
while¡¡willing¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡data¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general
measurements£»¡¡weight£»¡¡power£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡of¡¡their¡¡machines£»
appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡overlooked¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auxiliary
parts£»¡¡thinking£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡that¡¡these¡¡were¡¡of¡¡no¡¡particular
import¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general¡¡public¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine£»¡¡the
rear¡¡horizontal¡¡and¡¡front¡¡vertical¡¡rudders¡¡may¡¡be¡¡set
down¡¡as¡¡being¡¡about¡¡one¡quarter¡¡£¨probably¡¡a¡¡little¡¡less£©
the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡supporting¡¡planes¡£
Arrangement¡¡of¡¡Alighting¡¡Gear¡£
Most¡¡modern¡¡machines¡¡are¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡an¡¡alighting
gear£»¡¡which¡¡not¡¡only¡¡serves¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and
aviator¡¡from¡¡shock¡¡or¡¡injury¡¡in¡¡touching¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡but
also¡¡aids¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡under¡¡headway¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡leading
makes£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wright£»¡¡are¡¡furnished
with¡¡a¡¡frame¡¡carrying¡¡from¡¡two¡¡to¡¡five¡¡pneumatic¡¡rubber¡
tired¡¡bicycle¡¡wheels¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡and¡¡Voisin
machines¡¡one¡¡wheel¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡front¡¡and¡¡two¡¡in¡¡the
rear¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Bleriot¡¡and¡¡other¡¡prominent¡¡machines¡¡the
reverse¡¡is¡¡the¡¡ruletwo¡¡wheels¡¡in¡¡front¡¡and¡¡one¡¡in¡¡the
rear¡£¡¡Farman¡¡makes¡¡use¡¡of¡¡five¡¡wheels£»¡¡one¡¡in¡¡the£»
extreme¡¡rear£»¡¡and¡¡four£»¡¡arranged¡¡in¡¡pairs£»¡¡a¡¡little¡¡to¡¡the
front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£
In¡¡place¡¡of¡¡wheels¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡equipped
with¡¡a¡¡skid¡like¡¡device¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡two¡¡long¡¡beams
attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡¡by¡¡stanchions¡¡and¡¡curving
up¡¡far¡¡in¡¡front£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡supports¡¡to¡¡the¡¡horizontal
rudder¡£
Why¡¡Wood¡¡Is¡¡Favored¡£
A¡¡frequently¡¡asked¡¡question¡¡is£º¡¡¡¨Why¡¡is¡¡not¡¡aluminum£»
or¡¡some¡¡similar¡¡metal£»¡¡substituted¡¡for¡¡wood¡£¡¨
Wood£»¡¡particularly¡¡spruce£»¡¡is¡¡preferred¡¡because£»¡¡weight
considered£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡much¡¡stronger¡¡than¡¡aluminum£»¡¡and¡¡this
is¡¡the¡¡lightest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡metals¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡the¡¡following
table¡¡will¡¡be¡¡of¡¡interest£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Compressive
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tensile¡¡Strength¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡cubic¡¡foot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡inch¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡inch
Material¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£
Spruce¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000
Aluminum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡162¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡16£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£
Brass¡¡£¨sheet£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡510¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡23£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000
Steel¡¡£¨tool£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡490¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡100£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000
Copper¡¡£¨sheet£©¡¡¡¡¡¡548¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000
As¡¡extreme¡¡lightness£»¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡strength£»
especially¡¡tensile¡¡strength£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡great¡¡essential¡¡in¡¡flying¡
machine¡¡construction£»¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡readily¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the
use¡¡of¡¡metal£»¡¡even¡¡aluminum£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡is
prohibited¡¡by¡¡its¡¡weight¡£¡¡While¡¡aluminum¡¡has¡¡double¡¡the
strength¡¡of¡¡spruce¡¡wood¡¡it¡¡is¡¡vastly¡¡heavier£»¡¡and¡¡thus
the¡¡advantage¡¡it¡¡has¡¡in¡¡strength¡¡is¡¡overbalanced¡¡many
times¡¡by¡¡its¡¡weight¡£¡¡The¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡of¡¡aluminum
is¡¡2¡£50£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡spruce¡¡is¡¡only¡¡0¡£403¡£
Things¡¡to¡¡Be¡¡Considered¡£
In¡¡laying¡¡out¡¡plans¡¡for¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡there¡¡are¡¡five
important¡¡points¡¡which¡¡should¡¡be¡¡settled¡¡upon¡¡before
the¡¡actual¡¡work¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡is¡¡started¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º
FirstApproximate¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡when¡¡finished
and¡¡equipped¡£
SecondArea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡supporting¡¡surface¡¡required¡£
ThirdAmount¡¡of¡¡power¡¡that¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to
secure¡¡the¡¡desired¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡lifting¡¡capacity¡£
FourthExact¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡framework
and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auxiliary¡¡parts¡£
FifthSize£»¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£
In¡¡deciding¡¡upon¡¡these¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡take¡¡into
consideration¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡expert¡¡aviators¡¡regarding
these¡¡features¡¡as¡¡given¡¡elsewhere¡£¡¡£¨See¡¡Chapter¡¡X¡££©
Estimating¡¡the¡¡Weights¡¡Involved¡£
In¡¡fixing¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡probable¡¡approximate¡¡weight¡¡in
advance¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡much£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡assumed¡£
This¡¡means¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡advance
estimating¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡two¡passenger¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡built
we¡¡will¡¡start¡¡by¡¡assuming¡¡the¡¡maximum¡¡combined
weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡people¡¡to¡¡be¡¡350¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Most¡¡of
the¡¡professional¡¡aviators¡¡are¡¡lighter¡¡than¡¡this¡£¡¡Taking
the¡¡medium¡¡between¡¡the¡¡weights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡and
Wright¡¡machines¡¡we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡net¡¡average¡¡of¡¡850¡¡pounds
for¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡motor£»¡¡propeller£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡This£»¡¡with
the¡¡two¡¡passengers£»¡¡amounts¡¡to¡¡1£»190¡¡pounds¡£¡¡As¡¡the
machines¡¡quoted¡¡are¡¡in¡¡successful¡¡operation¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be
reasonable¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡this¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡safe¡¡basis¡¡to
operate¡¡on¡£
What¡¡the¡¡Novice¡¡Must¡¡Avoid¡£
This¡¡does¡¡not¡¡mean£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safe¡¡to
follow¡¡these¡¡weights¡¡exactly¡¡in¡¡construction£»¡¡but¡¡that
they¡¡will¡¡serve¡¡merely¡¡as¡¡a¡¡basis¡¡to¡¡start¡¡from¡£¡¡Because
an¡¡expert¡¡can¡¡turn¡¡out¡¡a¡¡machine£»¡¡thoroughly¡¡equipped£»
of¡¡850¡¡pounds¡¡weight£»¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡that¡¡a¡¡novice
can¡¡do¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing¡£¡¡The¡¡expert's¡¡work¡¡is¡¡the¡¡result
of¡¡years¡¡of¡¡experience£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡has¡¡learned¡¡how¡¡to¡¡construct
frames¡¡and¡¡motor¡¡plants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡lightness
and¡¡strength¡£
It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safer¡¡for¡¡the¡¡novice¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡he¡¡can
not¡¡duplicate¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡such¡¡men¡¡as¡¡Wright¡¡and¡¡Curtiss
without¡¡adding¡¡materially¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gross¡¡weight¡¡of
the¡¡framework¡¡and¡¡equipment¡¡minus¡¡passengers¡£
How¡¡to¡¡Distribute¡¡the¡¡Weight¡£
Let¡¡us¡¡take¡¡1£»030¡¡pounds¡¡as¡¡the¡¡net¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine
as¡¡against¡¡the¡¡same¡¡average¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡and
Curtiss¡¡machines¡£¡¡Now¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡distributing
this¡¡weight¡¡between¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡motor£»¡¡and
other¡¡equipment¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡general¡¡proposition¡¡the¡¡framework
should¡¡weigh¡¡about¡¡twice¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡the¡¡complete
power¡¡plant¡¡£¨this¡¡is¡¡for¡¡amateur¡¡work£©¡£
The¡¡word¡¡¡¨framework¡¨¡¡indicates¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡wooden
frames¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡auxiliary¡¡planes£»¡¡rudders£»
etc¡££»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡cloth¡¡coverings¡¡as¡¡welleverything¡¡in¡¡fact
except¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡and¡¡propeller¡£
On¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡named¡¡the¡¡framework¡¡would¡¡weigh¡¡686
pounds£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡power¡¡plant¡¡344¡£¡¡These¡¡figures¡¡are
liberal£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡results¡¡desired¡¡may¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡well
within¡¡them¡¡as¡¡the¡¡novice¡¡will¡¡learn¡¡as¡¡he¡¡makes¡¡progress
in¡¡the¡¡work¡£
Figuring¡¡on¡¡Surface¡¡Area¡£
It¡¡was¡¡Prof¡£¡¡Langley¡¡who¡¡first¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡prominence
in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡construction¡¡the
mathematical¡¡principle¡¡that¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡object¡¡the
smaller¡¡may¡¡be¡¡the¡¡relative¡¡area¡¡of¡¡support¡£¡¡As¡¡explained
in¡¡Chapter¡¡XIII£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡mechanical¡¡limits¡¡as
to¡¡size¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡practical¡¡to¡¡exceed£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡main
principle¡¡remains¡¡in¡¡effect¡£
Take¡¡two¡¡aeroplanes¡¡of¡¡marked¡¡difference¡¡in¡¡area¡¡of
surface¡£¡¡The¡¡larger¡¡will£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule£»¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡greater
weight¡¡in¡¡relative¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡its¡¡area¡¡than¡¡the¡¡smaller
one£»¡¡and¡¡do¡¡the¡¡work¡¡with¡¡less¡¡relative¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡As
a¡¡general¡¡thing¡¡well¡constructed¡¡machines¡¡will¡¡average
a¡¡supporting¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡one¡¡pound¡¡for¡¡every¡¡one¡half
square¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡area¡£¡¡Accepting¡¡this¡¡as¡¡a¡¡working
rule¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡1£»200¡¡pounds
machine¡¡and¡¡two¡¡passengerswe¡¡should¡¡have¡¡600
square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface¡£
Distributing¡¡the¡¡Surface¡¡Area¡£
The¡¡largest¡¡surfaces¡¡now¡¡in¡¡use¡¡are¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the
Wright£»¡¡Voisin¡¡and¡¡Antoinette¡¡machines538¡¡square
feet¡¡in¡¡each¡£¡¡The¡¡actual¡¡sustaining¡¡power¡¡of¡¡these¡¡machines£»
s
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡