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to¡¡survive¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡second¡¡place£»¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡lived¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡and
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the¡¡merchants¡¡and¡¡ship¡owners¡¡of¡¡Venice¡¡and¡¡Genoa¡£¡¡The
cows¡¡and¡¡the¡¡eggs¡¡and¡¡the¡¡horses¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡agricultural
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the¡¡Italian¡¡cities¡¡had¡¡become¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡embarkation
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extent¡£
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Of¡¡these¡¡towns£»¡¡few¡¡were¡¡as¡¡famous¡¡as¡¡Venice¡£¡¡Venice¡¡was
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mainland¡¡had¡¡fled¡¡during¡¡the¡¡invasions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡barbarians¡¡in¡¡the
fourth¡¡century¡£¡¡Surrounded¡¡on¡¡all¡¡sides¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡they¡¡had
engaged¡¡in¡¡the¡¡business¡¡of¡¡salt¡making¡£¡¡Salt¡¡had¡¡been¡¡very
scarce¡¡during¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡price¡¡had¡¡been¡¡high¡£
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this¡¡indispensable¡¡table¡¡commodity¡¡£¨I¡¡say¡¡indispensable£»¡¡because
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increase¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡their¡¡city¡£¡¡At¡¡times¡¡they¡¡had¡¡even¡¡dared
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upon¡¡the¡¡government¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡private¡¡affair¡¡of¡¡a
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The¡¡other¡¡extreme¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡a¡¡democracy¡¡of¡¡very
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the¡¡inevitable¡¡happened¡£¡¡A¡¡powerful¡¡family¡¡made¡¡itself¡¡master
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after¡¡the¡¡fashion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Greek¡¡¡®¡®tyrants¡£''¡¡They¡¡were¡¡called
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