the story of mankind-第41部分

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as　culpable　as　a　modern　man　who　does　not　telephone　to　the

nearest　doctor　when　he　discovers　that　his　fellow…tenants　are

suffering　from　cholera　or　small…pox。



In　the　years　to　come　you　will　hear　a　great　deal　about

preventive　medicine。　Preventive　medicine　simply　means　that　our

doctors　do　not　wait　until　their　patients　are　sick；　then　step

forward　and　cure　them。　On　the　contrary；　they　study　the　patient

and　the　conditions　under　which　he　lives　when　he　（the　patient）

is　perfectly　well　and　they　remove　every　possible　cause　of　illness

by　cleaning　up　rubbish；　by　teaching　him　what　to　eat　and　what

to　avoid；　and　by　giving　him　a　few　simple　ideas　of　personal

hygiene。　They　go　even　further　than　that；　and　these　good

doctors　enter　the　schools　and　teach　the　children　how　to　use

tooth…brushes　and　how　to　avoid　catching　colds。



The　sixteenth　century　which　regarded　（as　I　have　tried　to

show　you）　bodily　illness　as　much　less　important　than　sickness

which　threatened　the　soul；　organised　a　system　of　spiritual

preventive　medicine。　As　soon　as　a　child　was　old　enough　to　spell

his　first　words；　he　was　educated　in　the　true　（and　the　‘‘only

true''）　principles　of　the　Faith。　Indirectly　this　proved　to　be　a

good　thing　for　the　general　progress　of　the　people　of　Europe。

The　Protestant　lands　were　soon　dotted　with　schools。　They

used　a　great　deal　of　very　valuable　time　to　explain　the　Catechism；

but　they　gave　instruction　in　other　things　besides　theology。

They　encouraged　reading　and　they　were　responsible

for　the　great　prosperity　of　the　printing　trade。



But　the　Catholics　did　not　lag　behind。　They　too　devoted

much　time　and　thought　to　education。　The　Church；　in　this　matter；

found　an　invaluable　friend　and　ally　in　the　newly…founded

order　of　the　Society　of　Jesus。　The　founder　of　this　remarkable

organisation　was　a　Spanish　soldier　who　after　a　life　of　unholy

adventures　had　been　converted　and　thereupon　felt　himself

bound　to　serve　the　church　just　as　many　former　sinners；　who

have　been　shown　the　errors　of　their　way　by　the　Salvation　Army；

devote　the　remaining　years　of　their　lives　to　the　task　of　aiding

and　consoling　those　who　are　less　fortunate。



The　name　of　this　Spaniard　was　Ignatius　de　Loyola。　He

was　born　in　the　year　before　the　discovery　of　America。　He　had

been　wounded　and　lamed　for　life　and　while　he　was　in　the　hospital

he　had　seen　a　vision　of　the　Holy　Virgin　and　her　Son；　who

bade　him　give　up　the　wickedness　of　his　former　life。　He　decided

to　go　to　the　Holy　Land　and　finish　the　task　of　the　Crusades。

But　a　visit　to　Jerusalem　had　shown　him　the　impossibility

of　the　task　and　he　returned　west　to　help　in　the　warfare

upon　the　heresies　of　the　Lutherans。



In　the　year　1534　he　was　studying　in　Paris　at　the　Sorbonne。

Together　with　seven　other　students　he　founded　a　fraternity。

The　eight　men　promised　each　other　that　they　would　lead　holy

lives；　that　they　would　not　strive　after　riches　but　after　righteousness；

and　would　devote　themselves；　body　and　soul；　to　the　service

of　the　Church。　A　few　years　later　this　small　fraternity

had　grown　into　a　regular　organisation　and　was　recognised　by

Pope　Paul　III　as　the　Society　of　Jesus。



Loyola　had　been　a　military　man。　He　believed　in　discipline；

and　absolute　obedience　to　the　orders　of　the　superior　dignitaries

became　one　of　the　main　causes　for　the　enormous　success　of　the

Jesuits。　They　specialised　in　education。　They　gave　their

teachers　a　most　thorough…going　education　before　they　allowed

them　to　talk　to　a　single　pupil。　They　lived　with　their　students

and　they　entered　into　their　games。　They　watched　them　with

tender　care。　And　as　a　result　they　raised　a　new　generation　of

faithful　Catholics　who　took　their　religious　duties　as　seriously

as　the　people　of　the　early　Middle　Ages。



The　shrewd　Jesuits；　however；　did　not　waste　all　their　efforts

upon　the　education　of　the　poor。　They　entered　the　palaces

of　the　mighty　and　became　the　private　tutors　of　future　emperors

and　kings。　And　what　this　meant　you　will　see　for　yourself

when　I　tell　you　about　the　Thirty　Years　War。　But　before

this　terrible　and　final　outbreak　of　religious　fanaticism；　a　great

many　other　things　had　happened。



Charles　V　was　dead。　Germany　and　Austria　had　been　left

to　his　brother　Ferdinand。　All　his　other　possessions；　Spain　and

the　Netherlands　and　the　Indies　and　America　had　gone　to　his

son　Philip。　Philip　was　the　son　of　Charles　and　a　Portuguese

princess　who　had　been　first　cousin　to　her　own　husband。　The

children　that　are　born　of　such　a　union　are　apt　to　be　rather

queer。　The　son　of　Philip；　the　unfortunate　Don　Carlos；　（murdered

afterwards　with　his　own　father's　consent；）　was　crazy。

Philip　was　not　quite　crazy；　but　his　zeal　for　the　Church　bordered

closely　upon　religious　insanity。　He　believed　that　Heaven　had

appointed　him　as　one　of　the　saviours　of　mankind。　Therefore；

whosoever　was　obstinate　and　refused　to　share　his　Majesty's

views；　proclaimed　himself　an　enemy　of　the　human　race　and

must　be　exterminated　lest　his　example　corrupt　the　souls　of

his　pious　neighbours。



Spain；　of　course；　was　a　very　rich　country。　All　the　gold　and

silver　of　the　new　world　flowed　into　the　Castilian　and　Aragonian

treasuries。　But　Spain　suffered　from　a　curious　eco…

nomic　disease。　Her　peasants　were　hard　working　men　and

even　harder　working　women。　But　the　better　classes　maintained

a　supreme　contempt　for　any　form　of　labour；　outside　of

employment　in　the　army　or　navy　or　the　civil　service。　As　for

the　Moors；　who　had　been　very　industrious　artisans；　they　had

been　driven　out　of　the　country　long　before。　As　a　result；　Spain；

the　treasure　chest　of　the　world；　remained　a　poor　country　because

all　her　money　had　to　be　sent　abroad　in　exchange　for　the

wheat　and　the　other　necessities　of　life　which　the　Spaniards

neglected　to　raise　for　themselves。



Philip；　ruler　of　the　most　powerful　nation　of　the

sixteenth　century；　depended　for　his　revenue　upon　the　taxes

which　were　gathered　in　the　busy　commercial　bee…hive　of

the　Netherlands。　But　these　Flemings　and　Dutchmen　were

devoted　followers　of　the　doctrines　of　Luther　and　Calvin

and　they　had　cleansed　their　churches　of　all　images　and　holy

paintings　and　they　had　informed　the　Pope　that　they　no

longer　regarded　him　as　their　shepherd　but　intended　to　follow

the　dictates　of　their　consciences　and　the　commands　of　their

newly　translated　Bible。



This　placed　the　king　in　a　very　difficult　position。　He　could

not　possibly　tolerate　the　heresies　of　his　Dutch　subjects；　but

he　needed　their　money。　If　he　allowed　them　to　be　Protestants

and　took　no　measures　to　save　their　souls　he　was　deficient　in

his　duty　toward　God。　If　he　sent　the　Inquisition　to　the　Netherlands

and　burned　his　subjects　at　the　stake；　he　would　lose　the

greater　part　of　his　income。



Being　a　man　of　uncertain　will…power　he　hesitated　a　long

time。　He　tried　kindness　and　sternness　and　promises　and

threats。　The　Hollanders　remained　obstinate；　and　continued　to

sing　psalms　and　listen　to　the　sermons　of　their　Lutheran　and

Calvinist　preachers。　Philip　in　his　despair　sent　his　‘‘man　of

iron；''　the　Duke　of　Alba；　to　bring　these　hardened　sinners　to

terms。　Alba　began　by　decapitating　those　leaders　who　had　not

wisely　left　the　country　before　his　arrival。　In　the　year　1572

（the　same　year　that　the　French　Protestant　leaders　were　all

killed　during　the　terrible　night　of　Saint　Bartholomew）；　he

attacked　a　number　of　Dutch　cities　and　massacred　the　inhabitants

as　an　example　for　the　others。　The　next　year　he　laid　siege

to　the　town　of　Leyden；　the　manufacturing　center　of　Holland。



Meanwhile；　the　seven　small　provinces　of　the　northern

Netherlands　had　formed　a　defensive　union；　the　so…called　union

of　Utrecht；　and　had　recognised　William　of　Orange；　a　German

prince　who　had　been　the　private　secretary　of　the　Emperor

Charles　V；　as　the　leader　of　their　army　and　as　commander　of

their　freebooting　sailors；　who　were　known　as　the　Beggars　of

the　Sea。　William；　to　save　Leyden；　cut　the　dykes；　created　a

shallow　inland　sea；　and　delivered　the　town　with　the　help　of　a

strangely　equipped　navy　consisting　of　scows　and　flat…bottomed

barges　which　were　rowed　and　pushed　and　pulled　through　the

mud　until　they　reached　the　city　walls。



It　was　the　first　time　that　an　army　of　the　invincible　Spanish

king　had　suffered　such　a　humiliating　defeat。　It　surprised　the

world　just　as　the　Japanese　victory　of　Mukden；　in　the　Russian…

Japanese　war；　surprised　our　own　generation。　The　Protestant

powers　took　fresh　courage　and　Philip　devised　new　means　for

the　purpose　of　conquering　his　rebellious　subjects。　He　hired

a　poor　half…witted　fanatic　to　go　and　murder　William　of

Orange。　But　the　sight　of　their　dead　leader　did　not　bring　the

Seven　Provinces　to　their　knees。　On　the　contrary　it　made　them

furiously　angry。　In　the　year　1581；　the　Estates　General　（the

meeting　of　the　representatives　of　the　Seven　Provinces）　came

together　at　the　Hague　and　most　solemnly　abjured　their

‘‘wicked　king　Philip''　and　themselves　assumed　the　burden

of　sovereignty　which　thus　far　had　been　invested　in　their

‘‘King　by　the　Grace　of　God。''



This　is　a　very　important　event　in　the　history　of　the　great

struggle　for　political　liberty。　It　was　a　step　which　reached

much　further　than　the　uprising　of　the　nobles　which　ended　with

the　signing　of　the　Magna　Carta。　These　good　burghers　said

‘‘Between　a　king　and　his　subjects　there　is　a　silent　understanding

that　both　sides　shall　perform　certain　services　and　shall

recognise　certain　definite　duties。　If　either　party　fails　to　live

up　to　this　contract；　the　other　has　the　right　to　consider　it　ter…

minated。''　The　American　subjects　of　King　George　III　in

the　year　1776　came　to　a　similar　conclusion。　But　they　had　three

thousand　miles　of　ocean　between　themselves　and　their　ruler

and　the　Estates　General　took　their　decision　（which　meant　a

slow　death　in　case　of　defeat）　within　hearing　of　the　Spanish

guns　and　although　in　constant　fear　of　an　avenging　Spanish

fleet。



The　stories　about　a　mysterious　Spanish　fleet　that　was　to　conquer

bot