cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-第58部分

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barren　of　forest；　it　will　possess　a　minimum　rainfall；　therefore　in　all
countries　that　are　expected　to　develop　agricultural　resources；　the　due
proportions　of　woods　and　forests　require　special　attention。

In　ancient　days　there　can　be　no　question　that　Cyprus　was　rich　in　timber；
and　that　the　mountainous　districts　were　thickly　clothed　to　their　summits
with　valuable　wood　varying　in　species　according　to　altitude。　At　the　risk
of　repetition　I　must　describe　the　qualities　which　now　exist；　and　which
were　no　doubt　exported　from　the　island；　and　became　widely　known　and
appreciated　in　the　early　days　of　Cyprian　prosperity。

Oaks。There　are　several　varieties　of　oak；　but　large　park…like　timber　of
this　species　is　exceedingly　scarce；　and　although　met　with　occasionally
in　grand　spreading　trees　with　trunks　of　large　girth；　they　are　only
sufficient　to　prove　the　destruction　that　has　befallen　their　race。　It　is
most　probable　that　the　oak　was　largely　exported　for　ship…building；　but
as　an　available　forest…tree　it　may　be　said　to　have　disappeared。　The　ilex
is　the　most　common　of　all　woods　upon　the　Troodos　range　and　upon　other
mountains；　but　the　natives　have　made　such　constant　attacks　upon　this
quality　for　the　manufacture　of　charcoal　that　it　is　seldom　met　with　as　a
forest…tree。　It　is　extremely　hardy；　and　through　continual　hacking；　it
has　grown　into　dense　bushes　which　are　generally　about　eight　feet　high；
but　in　very　remote　localities　among　the　mountains　I　have　found　it　in　the
shape　of　timber　growing　to　the　height　of　forty　feet。　There　is　a　third
variety　with　a　prickly　leaf　resembling　holly；　of　an　intensely　dark
green。

Pines。I　have　only　met　with　three　varietiesthe　Pinus　maritima；　Pinus
laricio；　and　the　stone　pine。　The　latter　is　very　rare；　but　may　be　seen　at
Platraes。　The　natives　invariably　pick　the　cones　of　this　species　when
green　for　the　sake　of　the　small　edible　nuts　afforded　by　the　seeds。

The　Pinus　laricio　is　a　handsome　tree　with　a　dark　foliage　and　branches
that　droop　regularly　from　the　summit；　widening　towards　the　base。　It　is
difficult　to　determine　the　maximum　size　that　would　be　attained　by　this
species；　as　the　Cypriotes　seldom　allow　any　tree　to　remain　uninjured。　The
usual　size　of　the　Laracio　on　the　Troodos　range　is　about　fifty　feet　in
height；　with　a　girth　of　six　feet；　but　I　have　frequently　seen　specimens
of　nine　feet　in　girth；　and　about　seventy　to　eighty　feet　in　height。

The　Pinus　maritima　has　a　lighter　foliage　and　the　branches　are　more
spreading；　but　the　size　is　about　the　same　as　the　Laricio。　Both　these
species　are　rich　in　tar　and　turpentine。

Cypress。There　are　two　varietiesthe　dwarf；　which　covers　the
flat…topped　limestone　hills　of　the　Carpas　district；　and　the　fragrant
species　which　grows　upon　the　heights　of　Troodos　and　all　that　range　which
extends　to　Poli…ton…Krysokhus。

The　dwarf…cypress　attains　a　height　of　about　twenty　feet；　and　is
exceedingly　hard　and　durable。　The　fragrant　species　varies　from　thirty　to
thirty…five　feet；　with　a　stem　of　six；　to　sometimes　eight　feet　in
circumference。　The　wood　is　highly　aromatic；　and　I　have　already　described
it　as　resembling　a　mixture　of　sandal…wood　and　cedar。　This　tree　is　known
by　the　Cypriotes　as　kypresses；　while　the　dwarf　variety　is　known　as　the
〃wild　cypress；〃　and　is　called　by　them　〃aoratu。〃

Plane　（Platanus）。This　tree　is　generally　found　in　the　ravines　among　the
mountains；　on　the　borders　of　streams；　and　would　grow　to　a　large　size；
but　its　straight　young　stems　are　much　sought　after　by　the　natives　for
various　purposes；　and　it　is　seldom　allowed　a　chance　of　arriving
unscathed　at　maturity。　Its　light　green　foliage　is　highly　ornamental；
mixed　with　the　dark　shades　of　the　ilex　in　the　deep　bottoms　of　the
gorges；　and　wherever　a　never…failing　stream　is　met　with　the　plane　may　be
expected。

The　elm；　ash；　maple；　walnut；　mulberry；　peach；　apricot；　apple；　pear；
filbert；　fig；　plum；　cherry；　orange；　lemon；　pomegranate；　are　common；　but
as　they　do　not　come　within　the　category　of　trees　indigenous　to　the
natural　forests　of　the　island；　I　shall　not　include　them。

Olive。The　wild　olive　forms　a　considerable　portion　of　the　low
scrub…woods　of　the　Carpas　district；　and　the　young　trees；　when
transplanted　and　grafted；　become　the　accepted　olives　of　cultivation。
There　is　no　reason　why　the　wild　olive　should　not　be　grafted　in　its
natural　position　the　same　as　the　caroub。

Caroub。This　tree　has　already　been　described；　but　although　not　valuable
as　timber；　owing　to　the　short　length　of　its　trunk；　it　should　receive　the
special　attention　of　the　government；　as　its　produce　should　be　extended
to　the　utmost　limit　of　the　capabilities　of　the　island。　If　the　wild　trees
were　grafted　wherever　they　are　met　with；　whole　forests　would　quickly　be
produced　with　a　minimum　of　labour；　and　vast　tracts　of　rocky　soil；
worthless　for　other　cultivation；　would　be　brought　into　value；　at　the
same　time　that　the　surface　would　be　covered　with　the　much　desired
vegetation。

Tremithia。The　wood　of　this　tree　is　of　no　value；　but　the　berries　are
used　as　a　substitute　for　olive…oil；　as　it　grows　in　large　quantities　as　a
shrub；　simply　because　it　is　not　allowed　the　chance　of　arriving　at
maturity；　it　is　to　be　hoped　that　a　few　years　of　forest　supervision　will
add　this　shady　and　highly…ornamental　tree　to　the　list　of　those　common　to
the　island。　The　arbutus；　myrtle；　and　the　mastic　are　trees　of　so　small　a
growth　that　they　cannot　be　classed　with　〃Woods　and　Forests。〃

One　of　the　first　acts　of　the　British　administration　was　a　stringent
prohibition　against　the　felling　of　any　tree　throughout　Cyprus；　or　the
cutting　of　any　wood　for　the　burning　of　charcoal。　This　law　for　the
preservation　of　woods　and　forests　extended　to　trees　upon　PRIVATE
PROPERTY　OF　INDIVIDUALS！thus　the　owner　of　a　garden　could　not　cut　down
one　of　his　own　caroub…trees　if　they　were　too　thickly　planted；　or　if　he
required　a　piece　of　timber　for　making　or　repairing　his　water…wheel。　An
act　for　the　protection　of　crown　forests　was　highly　necessary；　but　no
laws　are　of　value　unless　the　machinery　exists　for　enforcing　them；　and　at
the　present　moment　the　stringent　enactment　against　the　destruction　of
trees　may　be　evaded　like　any　of　the　Ten　Commandments；　because　there　is
absolutely　no　staff；　nor　special　officers　for　the　supervision　of　woods
and　forests。　This　important　subject　requires　a　separate　department；　and
nothing　can　be　more　simple　if　administered　by　persons　qualified　by
education　for　the　development　of　trees　suitable　to　the　island。　The
poverty　of　the　local　government；　owing　to　the　miserable　conditions　of
our　tenure；　which　send　the　cream　to　Turkey；　and　suckle　the　necessary
staff　upon　the　thin　skimmed…milk；　does　not　permit　the　real　improvement
of　the　forests。　It　is　simply　ridiculous　to　make　laws　without　the　active
weapons　to　enforce　authority；　we　may　as　well　rest　satisfied　with　the
game　laws　in　England　and　dismiss　our　keepers；　as　prohibit　the　cutting　of
wood　in　Cyprus　without　supervising　the　forests　by　a　staff　of　foresters。
If　the　words　〃Thou　shalt　not　steal；〃　even　from　a　divine　command；　were
sufficient　to　prevent　felony　and　petty　larceny；　it　would　be　folly　to
incur　the　expense　of　police；　but　we　know　that　practically　all　laws　must
be　upheld　by　force；　represented　by　the　authorised　guardians　of　the
state。　At　this　moment　in　Cyprus　the　law　proclaims；　〃Thou　shalt　not　cut　a
tree；〃　while　practically　you　may　cut　as　many　as　you　like　in　the　mountain
forests；　as　there　is　no　person　authorised　to　interfere　with　your　acts。
Some　miserable　offender　may　be　pounced　upon　in　his　own　garden；　near　one
of　the　principal　towns；　where　the　law　SHOULD　NEVER　HAVE　BEEN　ENFORCED；
as　interfering　with　the　individual　rights　of　private　property；　but　in
the　situations　where　the　prohibition　is　of　the　first　importance；　there
is　literally　not　an　officer　or　man　to　prevent　the　usual　depredations。
Why？　The　answer　must　be　accepted。　There　is　no　money；　and　we　cannot
afford　an　independent　department　of　〃Woods　and　Forests。〃　If　the　country
is　to　continue　in　this　slip…shod　form　it　is　a　disgrace　to　England。
There　is　time　to　save　the　forests　from　absolute　destruction；　and　in　my
own　opinion；　before　anything　is　done　beyond　the　necessary　roads　and
irrigation　loans；　every　possible　attention　should　be　concentrated　upon
the　protection　and　development　of　forest…trees。

The　position　at　this　moment　is　as　follows。　Throughout　the　entire
mountain　range　there　are　not　5　per　cent。　of　pines　free　from　mutilation。

The　whole　of　Troodos；　and　the　mountain　districts　from　near　Lithrodondo
to　as　far　west　as　Poli…ton…Khrysokus；　are　naturally　adapted　for　the
growth　of　pines　and　cypress；　which　love　the　soil　of　the　plutonic　rocks；
and　drive　their　roots　deep　into　the　interstices；　deriving　nourishment
where　nothing　else　would　thrive。　Upon　the　highest　altitudes　there　is　not
a　dwarf　shrub　to　cover　the　surface　of　the　loose　coffee…coloured　rocks；
where　in　the　winter　the　snow　accumulates　to　a　depth　of　twenty　feet；　yet
there　we　find　the　pines　and　cypress　in　their　greatest　vigour；　but　even
to　these　solitary　heights　the　Cypriote　has　penetrated　with　his　unsparing
axe；　and　has　created　a　desolation　that　must　be　seen　to　be　understood。
There　is　no　sight　so　exasperating　as　this　uncalled…for　destruction；　it
is　beyond　all　belief；　and　when　the　amount　of　labour　is　considered　that
must　have　been　expended　in　this　indiscriminate　attack　upon　forest…trees
THAT　ARE　LEFT　TO　ROT　UPON　THE　GROUND　where　they　have　fallen；　the　object
of　the　attack　is　at　first　sight　inconceivable。　The　sight　of　a　mountain
pine…forest　in　Cyprus　would　convey　the　impression　that　an　enemy　who　had
conquered　the　country　had　determined　to　utterly　destroy　it；　even　to　the
primaeval　forests；　he　had　therefore　felled；　and　left　to　rot；　the　greater
portion　of　the　trees；　but　finding　the　labour　beyond　his　means；　he　had
contented　himself　with　barking；　ringing；　and　hacking　at　the　base　of　the
remainder；　to　ensure　their　ultimate　destruction。

The　extreme　heights　of　Troodos；　shoulders　and　head；　are　about　6300　feet
above　the　sea；　from　which　altitude　the　pines　and　cypress　descend　to
within　1500　feet　of　the　level。　There　are　rough　native　mule…paths
throughout　the　mountains；　and　the　sure…footed　animals　will　carry　a　man
with　ease　where　walking　would　be　most　fatiguing；　owin