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cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-µÚ69²¿·Ö

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which¡¡entails¡¡constant¡¡attention£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡quality¡¡would¡¡deteriorate
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fall¡¡naturally¡¡from¡¡the¡¡plant¡£

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favourable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡fine¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡cotton£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an
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neither¡¡rain¡¡nor¡¡dew¡¡shall¡¡moisten£»¡¡and¡¡accordingly¡¡deteriorate¡¡the
crop¡£¡¡Egypt¡¡is¡¡specially¡¡favoured¡¡for¡¡the¡¡production¡¡of¡¡first¡­class
cotton£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Delta¡¡rain¡¡is¡¡seldom¡¡known£»¡¡but
the¡¡extreme¡¡carelessness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡has¡¡reduced¡¡the¡¡average¡¡quality
by¡¡mixing¡¡the¡¡seeds£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡keeping¡¡the¡¡various¡¡classes¡¡rigidly
separate¡£

The¡¡dry¡¡climate£»¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡the¡¡fertile¡¡soil¡¡of¡¡Cyprus£»¡¡would¡¡suggest
a¡¡great¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡cotton¡¡cultivation£»¡¡when¡¡artificial¡¡irrigation
shall¡¡be¡¡generally¡¡developed£»¡¡but¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡present¡¡system¡¡of
collecting¡¡the¡¡dimes¡¡is¡¡continued£»¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡cannot¡¡produce¡¡the¡¡higher
qualities¡¡which¡¡require¡¡immediate¡¡attention¡¡in¡¡collecting¡£¡¡During¡¡the
delay¡¡in¡¡waiting¡¡for¡¡the¡¡official¡¡valuer£»¡¡the¡¡pods¡¡are¡¡bursting¡¡rapidly£»
and¡¡the¡¡valuable¡¡quality¡¡is¡¡falling¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡the¡¡cultivator¡¡is
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adhere¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pods£»¡¡and¡¡wait¡¡patiently¡¡for¡¡the¡¡arrival¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government
authority¡£

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the¡¡duty¡¡should¡¡be¡¡collected¡¡upon¡¡export£»¡¡to¡¡relieve¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡from¡¡the
present¡¡difficulty£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡enable¡¡him¡¡to¡¡cultivate¡¡the¡¡American
high¡¡qualities¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡amusing¡¡to¡¡contrast¡¡the¡¡criticisms¡¡and
advice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡various¡¡British¡¡consuls¡¡who¡¡have¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years
represented¡¡us¡¡in¡¡Cyprus¡¡with¡¡the¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡officials¡£¡¡There¡¡can
be¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡concerning¡¡consular¡¡reports¡¡in¡¡black¡¡and¡¡white£»¡¡and¡¡equally
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administration£»¡¡but¡¡what¡¡appeared¡¡highly¡¡unjust¡¡to¡¡our¡¡consuls¡¡when
Cyprus¡¡was¡¡under¡¡Turkish¡¡rule£»¡¡is¡¡accepted¡¡as¡¡perfectly¡¡equitable¡¡now
that¡¡the¡¡island¡¡has¡¡passed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡£

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and¡¡in¡¡1870¡¡I¡¡introduced¡¡the¡¡excellent¡¡Egyptian¡¡variety£»¡¡known¡¡as
¡¨galleen£»¡¨¡¡into¡¡Central¡¡Africa£»¡¡and¡¡planted¡¡it¡¡at¡¡Gondokoro£»¡¡north
latitude¡¡4¡¡degrees¡¡54'£»¡¡with¡¡excellent¡¡results¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡year¡¡this
grew¡¡to¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡about¡¡seven¡¡feet£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡proportionate¡¡thickness
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quality£»¡¡which¡¡detached¡¡itself¡¡from¡¡the¡¡seeds£»¡¡immediately¡¡reducing¡¡the
operation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cleaning¡­machine¡¡or¡¡¡¨cotton¡­gin¡¨¡¡to¡¡a¡¡minimum¡¡of
labour¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡been¡¡much¡¡struck¡¡with¡¡the¡¡inferiority¡¡of¡¡Cyprian¡¡cotton£»
scarcely¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crop¡¡finds¡¡its¡¡way¡¡to¡¡England£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡exported¡¡to
Marseilles¡¡and¡¡Trieste¡£¡¡Should¡¡Consul¡¡Lang's¡¡suggestion¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡out£»
and¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡upon¡¡export¡¡to¡¡relieve¡¡the¡¡grower¡¡from¡¡the
vexatious¡¡delays¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inquisitor¡¡or¡¡government¡¡valuer£»¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no
question¡¡of¡¡immediate¡¡improvement¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡more¡¡trouble¡¡or¡¡expense
in¡¡producing¡¡a¡¡first¡­class¡¡cotton¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡commonest¡¡variety£»¡¡when
climate¡¡and¡¡soil¡¡are¡¡so¡¡peculiarly¡¡favourable¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Cyprus¡£¡¡If¡¡the
government¡¡continues¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡ad¡¡valorem¡¡taxation£»¡¡common¡¡sense
will¡¡suggest¡¡that¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡quality¡¡would¡¡alike¡¡be¡¡favourable¡¡to¡¡the
revenue¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cultivator£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the
country¡¡and¡¡of¡¡individuals£»¡¡every¡¡encouragement¡¡should¡¡be¡¡afforded¡¡to
the¡¡farmers¡¡to¡¡ensure¡¡the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡all¡¡species¡¡of¡¡produce¡¡throughout¡¡the
island¡£¡¡The¡¡excellent¡¡compilation¡¡of¡¡Captain¡¡Savile£»¡¡officially¡¡and
expressly¡¡printed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡service¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡contains¡¡the
following¡¡passages£º

¡¨According¡¡to¡¡all¡¡accounts¡¡the¡¡taxation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡Cyprus¡¡has
under¡¡Turkish¡¡administration¡¡been¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡in¡¡a¡¡most¡¡severe¡¡and
oppressive¡¡manner£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡imposts¡¡upon¡¡certain¡¡articles¡¡of¡¡agriculture
and¡¡commerce¡¡have¡¡been¡¡so¡¡heavy¡¡that¡¡their¡¡culture¡¡and¡¡export¡¡has¡¡in
some¡¡cases¡¡been¡¡almost¡¡abandoned¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£

¡¨The¡¡cultivation¡¡of¡¡vines¡¡for¡¡the¡¡manufacture¡¡of¡¡wine¡¡has¡¡been¡¡so
heavily¡¡and¡¡unjustly¡¡taxed£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡great¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vineyards¡¡have¡¡of
late¡¡years¡¡been¡¡turned¡¡to¡¡other¡¡and¡¡more¡¡profitable¡¡purposes£»¡¡or¡¡else
have¡¡been¡¡abandoned£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡a¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡agriculture¡¡for¡¡which
the¡¡island¡¡is¡¡especially¡¡suited¡¡and¡¡a¡¡remunerative¡¡article¡¡of¡¡commerce
is¡¡neglected¡¡and¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡decline¡£¡¡An¡¡extensive¡¡development¡¡of
vineyards¡¡and¡¡manufacture¡¡of¡¡wine¡¡should¡¡be¡¡encouraged£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡this
object¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡suggested¡¡that¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡wise¡¡to¡¡free¡¡this
production¡¡from¡¡all¡¡except¡¡export¡¡duty¡£

¡¨Allusion¡¡has¡¡already¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡the¡¡injurious¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡the
collection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tithe¡¡£¨dimes£©¡¡upon¡¡cotton¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡crop¡¡is
gathered£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡shipment£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡explained
how¡¡the¡¡former¡¡method¡¡prevents¡¡the¡¡farmers¡¡from¡¡growing¡¡the¡¡best¡¡and
most¡¡remunerative¡¡varieties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plant£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡that¡¡requires
the¡¡attention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡authorities¡¡when¡¡the¡¡re¡­adjustment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡taxes¡¡is
considered¡£¡¨

Captain¡¡Savile's¡¡useful¡¡book¡¡is¡¡an¡¡echo¡¡of¡¡consular¡¡statements¡¡and
reports¡¡written¡¡in¡¡England¡¡for¡¡government¡¡information¡¡without¡¡any
personal¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡the¡¡island£»¡¡but¡¡from¡¡my¡¡own¡¡investigations¡¡I¡¡can
thoroughly¡¡endorse¡¡the¡¡views¡¡expressed£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡only¡¡regret¡¡that¡¡the
miserable¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡our¡¡occupation¡¡have¡¡rendered¡¡such¡¡necessary
reforms¡¡most¡¡difficult£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡poverty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡government¡¡of
Cyprus¡¡cannot¡¡afford¡¡to¡¡run¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡experimental¡¡lessons¡¡in
taxation¡£

When¡¡criticising¡¡and¡¡condemning¡¡existing¡¡evils£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡distinctly
understood¡¡that¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡presume¡¡to¡¡attach¡¡blame¡¡to¡¡individual
authorities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡local¡¡government£º¡¡I¡¡denounce¡¡the¡¡arbitrary¡¡and
oppressive¡¡system¡¡of¡¡TURKISH¡¡rules£»¡¡which£»¡¡although¡¡in¡¡some¡¡instances
mitigated¡¡by¡¡our¡¡administration£»¡¡still¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡the
results¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡that¡¡were¡¡accepted¡¡when¡¡England¡¡resolved¡¡upon
this¡¡anomalous¡¡occupation¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡to¡¡describe¡¡Cyprus¡¡as¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡it¡¡in
1879£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡work¡¡I¡¡endeavour¡¡to¡¡introduce¡¡the¡¡public¡¡to¡¡the¡¡true
aspect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡situation¡¡¡¨as¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡it£»¡¨¡¡other¡¡people¡¡have¡¡an¡¡equal¡¡right
with¡¡myself¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡opinions¡¡upon¡¡various¡¡subjects£»¡¡but£»¡¡should¡¡we
differ¡¡upon¡¡certain¡¡questions£»¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡at¡¡least¡¡be¡¡unanimous¡¡in¡¡praise
of¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡devotion¡¡to¡¡a¡¡most¡¡difficult¡¡task¡¡in¡¡a¡¡contradictory
position£»¡¡exhibited¡¡not¡¡only¡¡by¡¡the¡¡governor£»¡¡and¡¡commissioners¡¡of
districts£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡all¡¡British¡¡officers¡¡entrusted¡¡with¡¡authority¡£¡¡If
Cyprus¡¡were¡¡free¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fetters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Turkish¡¡Convention£»¡¡and¡¡the
revenue¡¡should¡¡be¡¡available¡¡for¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡improvements£»¡¡with
commercial¡¡and¡¡agricultural¡¡reforms£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡energy¡¡now¡¡bestowed¡¡by¡¡the
governor¡¡and¡¡other¡¡officials¡¡would¡¡rapidly¡¡expand¡¡the¡¡resources¡¡of¡¡the
island¡£¡¡We¡¡are¡¡prone¡¡to¡¡expect¡¡too¡¡much£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡remember¡¡that¡¡at¡¡the
time¡¡I¡¡write£»¡¡only¡¡twelve¡¡months¡¡have¡¡elapsed¡¡since¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡the
British¡¡military¡¡occupation¡£¡¡No¡¡officers¡¡understood¡¡either¡¡the¡¡language£»
or¡¡laws£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡they¡¡had¡¡to¡¡govern£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part
specially¡¡educated¡¡for¡¡the¡¡military¡¡profession£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡were¡¡suddenly
plunged¡¡into¡¡official¡¡positions¡¡where¡¡agricultural£»¡¡legal£»¡¡commercial£»
and¡¡engineering¡¡difficulties¡¡absorbed¡¡their¡¡entire¡¡attention£»¡¡all¡¡of
which¡¡had¡¡to¡¡be¡¡comprehended¡¡through¡¡the¡¡medium¡¡of¡¡an¡¡interpreter¡£¡¡It¡¡is
rare¡¡that¡¡the¡¡most¡¡favoured¡¡individual¡¡combines¡¡such¡¡general¡¡knowledge£»
Turks¡¡and¡¡Greeks£»¡¡antagonistic¡¡races£»¡¡were¡¡to¡¡lie¡¡down¡¡contented¡¡like
the¡¡lion¡¡and¡¡the¡¡lamb¡¡under¡¡the¡¡blessing¡¡of¡¡a¡¡British¡¡rule£º¡¡all
animosities¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡forgotten¡£¡¡The¡¡religion¡¡of¡¡Mussulmans¡¡would
remain¡¡inviolate£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡Church¡¡would¡¡hold¡¡its¡¡former
independence£º¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡equality¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡assured¡¡when¡¡the¡¡English
flag¡¡replaced¡¡the¡¡Crescent¡¡and¡¡Star¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡red¡¡ensign¡¡beneath¡¡which
Cyprus¡¡had¡¡withered¡¡as¡¡before¡¡a¡¡flame£»¡¡the¡¡resources¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡were
to¡¡awaken¡¡as¡¡from¡¡a¡¡long¡¡sleep£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡world¡¡should¡¡witness¡¡the
marvellous¡¡change¡¡between¡¡Cyprus¡¡when¡¡under¡¡Turks£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡transferred
to¡¡Englishmen¡£¡¡¡¨Look¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡picture£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡this£¡¡¨¡¡The¡¡officers¡¡of
our¡¡army¡¡were¡¡the¡¡magicians¡¡to¡¡effect¡¡this¡¡transformation£»¡¡not¡¡only
strangers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡climate£»¡¡language£»¡¡laws£»¡¡customs£»¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡without
MONEY£º¡¡as¡¡the¡¡island¡¡had¡¡been¡¡robbed¡¡of¡¡revenue¡¡by¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡the
Turkish¡¡Convention¡£

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there¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡a¡¡more¡¡tangible¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡general¡¡efficiency¡¡of
the¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡our¡¡army¡¡than¡¡the¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡Cyprus¡¡after¡¡the¡¡first
year's¡¡occupation¡£¡¡Although¡¡the¡¡government¡¡has¡¡been¡¡severely¡¡pinched¡¡for
means£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡season¡¡of¡¡cruel¡¡drought¡¡has¡¡smitten¡¡the¡¡agriculturists£»
with¡¡commerce¡¡languishing¡¡through¡¡the¡¡uncertainty¡¡of¡¡our¡¡tenure£»¡¡the
Cyprian¡¡population¡¡of¡¡all¡¡creeds¡¡and¡¡classes¡¡have¡¡already¡¡learned¡¡to
trust¡¡in¡¡the¡¡honour¡¡and¡¡unflinching¡¡integrity¡¡of¡¡British¡¡rulers£»¡¡which
ensures¡¡them¡¡justice¡¡and¡¡has¡¡relieved¡¡them¡¡from¡¡their¡¡former¡¡oppressors¡£



CHAPTER¡¡XVII¡£

THE¡¡DISTRICT¡¡OF¡¡LIMASOL¡¡AND¡¡LANDOWNERS¡£

The¡¡port¡¡of¡¡Limasol¡¡will¡¡eventually¡¡become¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡commercial¡¡centre
of¡¡Cyprus£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡depression¡¡of¡¡1879¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡drought¡¡and¡¡general
uncertainty¡¡it¡¡formed¡¡a¡¡favourable¡¡exception¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general¡¡rule¡£¡¡It¡¡may
be¡¡interesting¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡during¡¡the¡¡years
inclusive¡¡from¡¡1875¡¡to¡¡1878¡£


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Year¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revenue¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Expenditure¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Balance¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Piastres¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Piastres¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Piastres¡£
1875¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡964£»839¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡164£»663¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡800£»176
1876¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡819£»139¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡172£»472¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡646£»667
1877¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»340£»643¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡169£»506¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»171£»137
1878¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»553£»363¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡161£»594¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»391£»769


The¡¡exports¡¡from¡¡Limasol¡¡have¡¡been¡¡largely¡¡in¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡imports£º


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