cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-第80部分

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present　available　respecting　the　land　tenures　and　local　agricultural
customs　of　this　island；　the　varieties　of　soil；　the　means　of　irrigation
actual　and　possible；　and　the　conditions　and　habits　of　the　agricultural
classes　generally。

Information　on　these　essential　points　may；　however；　be　obtained
before　the　termination　of　the　present　engagements　with　the　tithe…
farmers　in　March　1879。　A　rough　field　survey　would　prepare　the
ground　for　a　systematic　inquiry　into　rights　and　interests　in　each
estate　and　village　throughout　the　several　districts　of　the　island。
The　inquiry；　conducted　by　the　respective　commissioners　of　districts
in　the　next　few　months　of　favourable　weather；　may　be　made　to
embrace　the　following　points
　　1。　The　extent　of　the　several　holdings；　and　whether　held　under
proprietary；　sub…proprietary；　or　occupancy　rights。
　　2。　The　average　produce　of　each　estate　or　holding；　and　its　value；
say　for　the　last　three　or　four　years。
　　3。　The　areas　respectively　（1）　under　cultivation；　（2）　not　under
cultivation　but　culturable；　（3）　unculturable　and　barren　waste。
　　4。　In　the　case　of　culturable　lands　not　under　cultivation；　inquiry
should　be　made　whether　this　is　the　result　of　the　oppressive　way　of
collecting　tithes；　or　the　want　of　money　or　cultivators；　or　whether
the　land　is　required　for　grazing　or　other　purposes。
　　5。　The　character　of　the　soil　in　various　parts　of　the　island；　and
the　respective　producing　capabilities。
　　6。　The　arrangements；　existing　and　possible；　for　irrigation　by　wells；
aqueducts；　and　tanks。
　　7。　The　proportion　of　the　people　occupied　in　agriculture；　and
the　proportion　in　other　pursuits　than　husbandry。
　　8。　The　personal　condition　of　the　agricultural　classes；　whether　well
housed；　well　clad；　with　good　cattle；　ploughs；　and　gear；　or　the　reverse。
　　9。　The　standard　for　measuring　land。　The　area　of　each　estate
or　holding；　after　measurement；　should　be　reduced　to　English
standard　acres。

The　result　of　these　inquiries；　accurately　and　clearly　recorded；　would
afford　valuable　data　for　determining　the　extent　to　which　the　present
tithe　arrangement　may　be　modified　for　the　ensuing　financial　year。
Whatever　modification　may　be　adopted　in　substance；　the　tax　will　at　least
be　collected　without　injustice　or　oppression；　and　the　cost　of　collection
will　be　covered　by　the　increased　revenue　which　must　result　from　an
improved　administration。　The　proportion　of　the　produce　heretofore　taken
in　Cyprus；　as　the　share　of　the　Sovereign　power；　is　considerably　below
that　taken　in　other　Eastern　countries。　In　India；　this　share　under　the
ancient　Hindoo　Rajahs　was　one…sixth。　Under　the　Mohammedan　rule；　a　third
of　the　average　produce　of　average　land　was　held　to　be　the　Government
share。　Under　British　rule；　from　one…third　to　one…half　of　the　rental　is
the　standard　of　assessment　at　the　present　day；　representing　a　much
larger　proportion　than　a　tenth　of　the　produce　of　the　land。　And　in　Cyprus
（as　has　been　shown　in　the　preceding　remarks）；　although　the　declared
share　of　the　State　was　only　one…tenth；　the　peasantry　have　contributed　a
very　much　larger　proportion；　the　difference　forming　the　perquisites　of
the　collectors　of　the　revenue。　Hence　it　may　fairly　be　assumed　that　the
British　administration　may　take　a　larger　share　than　one…tenth　of　the
produce；　without　imposing　any　additional　burden　whatever　on　the　people。
It　may　rather　be　hoped　that　any　increased　State　demand　upon　the
cultivator　will　still　leave　him　a　larger　proportion　of　the　fruit　of　his
labours　than　he　has　heretofore　enjoyed；　with　absolute　freedom　in
disposing　of　it　to　the　best　advantage。

A　further　increase　of　the　revenue　from　land　may　be　anticipated　from　the
extension　of　cultivation。　With　light　assessments；　improved
communications；　and　occasional　State　aid；　a　large　proportion　of　the
culturable　lands；　now　lying　neglected；　may　be　gradually　brought　under
cultivation；　stimulating　the　industry　of　the　people；　and　increasing　the
productiveness　and　wealth　of　the　island。

For　the　current　year；　however；　the　existing　arrangement　with　the
tithe…farmers　must　be　accepted；　and　the　revenue　estimated　accordingly。
The　year's　tithes　were　sold　for　82；088　Turkish　liras；　or　nearly　74；000
pounds　sterling；　and　the　whole　amount　has　yet　to　be　collected。　Already；
the　tithe…farmers　plead　inability　to　recover　their　dues　from　the
cultivators。　The　truth　probably　is　that；　whilst　the　British
administration　has　somewhat　checked　their　habitual　exactions；　it　has
emboldened　the　peasantry　to　resistance　which　would　never　have　been
attempted　under　the　Turkish　rule。　Due　justice　will　be　done　between　the
parties；　but；　in　any　case；　the　Government　claim　of　82；088　liras　is
covered　by　sufficient　security；　and　will　be　realised　for　the　most　part。
During　the　earlier　months　of　the　current　year；　before　the　British
occupation；　the　sum　of　1；306；321　piastres　was　recovered　on　account　of
silk　tithes　and　tithes　of　prior　years。　Adding　this　sum　to　the　unrealised
claims；　and　leaving　a　margin　for　default；　the　receipts　for　the　year　may
be　taken　at　8；352；000　piastres；　or　72；000　pounds　sterling。　The　average
of　the　previous　five　years　was　8；584；786　piastres；　and　they　included
three　years　of　scarcity。　The　account　rendered　by　the　Ottoman　Government
for　the　past　year；　1877…78；　exhibits　the　dimes　or　tithes　at　12；500；595
piastres；　but　that　was　the　amount　of　the　year's　demand；　and　the　actual
realisations　amounted　only　to　5；072；872　piastres。　Looking　to　the
favourable　conditions　of　the　present　year　as　compared　with　the　past
year；　the　estimate　of　72；000　pounds　sterling　may　be　accepted。


Tithes　on　Vakouf　Lands。

The　tenth　part　of　the　produce　of　vakouf　lands；　fields；　and　gardens　is
appropriated　for　the　maintenance　of　mosques；　monasteries；　tombs；　and
other　religious　foundations。　The　tithes　on　vakouf　lands　are　paid　to　the
Mutavelli；　or　local　administrators　of　the　vakoufs；　who　remit　20　per　cent
to　the　Minister　of　the　Evkaf　at　Constantinople；　and　retain　the　balance。
The　Mutavelli　are　not　required　to　account　to　any　Government　functionary
for　the　revenue　of　vakouf　lands　beyond　the　annual　subsidy　of　20　per　cent
to　the　Evkaf。　It　is　understood；　however；　that　in　many　cases　the　objects
and　purposes　for　which　these　vakouf　lands　were　assigned　have　long　since
ceased　to　exist；　and　thus　not　only　are　the　pious　intentions　of　the
founders　frustrated；　but　a　considerable　public　revenue　is　diverted　into
private　channels。　The　legal　conditions　attached　to　these　vakouf　lands；
and　to　the　lands　and　other　property　in　Cyprus　claimed　for　the　Ottoman
Crown　and　State　（under　Article　IV　of　the　Convention　between　Great
Britain　and　Turkey）　are　at　present　the　subject　of　a　special　inquiry；　and
the　result　will　have　an　important　bearing　on　the　revenue　to　be　hereafter
administered　by　the　British　Government。　For　the　present　year；　the　tithes
on　vakouf　lands　have　been　farmed　for　1；676　Turkish　liras　in　the
districts　of　Famagousta；　Kyrenia；　Papho；　and　Limasol。　No　tithes　have
been　sold　in　the　other　divisions。　As　the　tithes　on　vakouf　lands　do　not
belong　to　the　general　revenues　of　the　island；　they　are　not　included　in
the　estimate　now　submitted。


Verghis。

This　tax　is　divided　into　three　classes：
1。　Emlak　verghisi；　or　impost　on　houses　or　immovable　property；
at　4　per　thousand　on　the　purchasing　value。
2。　Impost　of　4　per　cent　on　the　rent　of　immovable　property；　or
houses　not　occupied　by　their　owners。　The　rent　is　assumed　at　io
per　cent　of　the　value。
3。　Verghi　temetu；　or　impost　on　professions　and　trades；　at　3　per
cent　on　profits　and　salaries。

Before　the　beginning　of　each　financial　year；　the　district　authorities
prepare　statements　designating　the　contributions　required　from　each
village　and　town；　according　to　the　number　of　houses；　the　number　and
means　of　the　population。　The　assessment　is　made　roughly；　and　the　tax　is
recovered　by　Moukhtars　of　villages；　selected　by　the　inhabitants　and
confirmed　by　the　district　authorities。　All　collections　are　forwarded；　as
recovered；　to　the　Treasury　of　the　sandjak。

All　sales　and　transfers　of　immovable　property；　with　the　title…deeds
thereto　appertaining；　have　to　be　registered　in　the　Registration　Office；
and　the　means　are　thus　partially　afforded　for　assessing　the　owners　of
property　for　the　4　per　thousand　on　the　value；　and　the　4　per　cent。　on　the
rental。

But　the　3　per　cent。　on　professional　profits　and　salaries　is　arbitrarily
fixed　for　each　village；　or　group　of　villages；　and　the　Moukhtars　levy　the
personal　contributions　of　each　tax…payer　as　they　think　fit。

In　this　process　there　is　considerable　oppression　of　the　poorer
taxpayers；　and　also　loss　of　revenue　to　the　State。　Both　would　be
obviated；　or　at　all　events　mitigated；　by　entrusting　the　assessment　to
Government　officers；　and　by　a　more　careful　and　exact　registration　of
property；　and　of　profits　from　trades　and　professions。　The　revenue　from
the　licence　tax　in　towns　must　largely　increase　in　the　future。

As　a　rule；　the　district　officers　endeavour　to　recover　the　verghis　before
tax…payers　are　subjected　to　the　exactions　of　the　tithe…farmers　for
payment　of　the　dimes　and　other　imposts。　In　some　of　the　Turkish　vilayets；
the　Government　have　gone　so　far　as　to　forbid　the　local　tribunals　from
condemning　the　tax…payers　to　pay　the　claims　of　third　parties　until　they
have　assurance　that　the　verghis　have　been　paid。

The　average　yield　of　the　verghis　tax　in　the　last　five　years　was
3；521；083　piastres；　or　30；354　pounds　per　annum。　The　account　of　the　last
year　of　the　series　（1877…78）　showed　a　revenue　of　3；193；850　piastres；　or
27；535　pounds。　The　demand　for　the　current　year　is　3；380；246　piastres；　of
which　only　518；545　piastres　have　been　recovered　up　to　the　present　time。
The　slackness　of　the　Turkish　revenue　officials　in　collecting　this　tax　is
due　partly　to　the　change　of　administration　and　uncertainty　as　to　future
taxation　of　the　island；　and　partly　to　the　war　tax　and　other　burdens
imposed　upon　the　people　during　the　past　year。　The　needful　measures　have
now　been　adopted　for　effecting　recovery；　and　as　the　tax　affects　property
and　the　well…to…do　classes；　it　is　hoped　that　about　2；000；000　piastres
will　be　recovered　in　the　next　six　months。　Adding　this　sum　to　the
recoveries　already　effected；　the　revenue　of　the　entire　year　is　estimated
at　2；552；000　piastres；　or