the wars of the jews-第51部分

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d　not　intend　to　do　any　thing　on　the　next　day；　because　it　was　the　sabbath　day；　and　would　hinder　his　proceeding。　So　he　contrived　to　circumvent　the　revolters　by　a　stratagem；　and　in　the　first　place　he　ordered　the　gates　of　Taricheae　to　be　shut；　that　nobody　might　go　out　and　inform　＇those　of　Tiberias＇；　for　whom　it　was　intended；　what　stratagem　he　was　about；　he　then　got　together　all　the　ships　that　were　upon　the　lake；　which　were　found　to　be　two　hundred　and　thirty；　and　in　each　of　them　he　put　no　more　than　four　mariners。　So　he　sailed　to　Tiberias　with　haste；　and　kept　at　such　a　distance　from　the　city；　that　it　was　not　easy　for　the　people　to　see　the　vessels；　and　ordered　that　the　empty　vessels　should　float　up　and　down　there；　while　himself；　who　had　but　seven　of　his　guards　with　him；　and　those　unarmed　also；　went　so　near　as　to　be　seen；　but　when　his　adversaries；　who　were　still　reproaching　him；　saw　him　from　the　walls；　they　were　so　astonished　that　they　supposed　all　the　ships　were　full　of　armed　men；　and　threw　down　their　arms；　and　by　signals　of　intercession　they　besought　him　to　spare　the　city。

9。　Upon　this　Josephus　threatened　them　terribly；　and　reproached　them；　that　when　they　were　the　first　that　took　up　arms　against　the　Romans；　they　should　spend　their　force　beforehand　in　civil　dissensions；　and　do　what　their　enemies　desired　above　all　things；　and　that　besides　they　should　endeavor　so　hastily　to　seize　upon　him；　who　took　care　of　their　safety；　and　had　not　been　ashamed　to　shut　the　gates　of　their　city　against　him　that　built　their　walls；　that；　however；　he　would　admit　of　any　intercessors　from　them　that　might　make　some　excuse　for　them；　and　with　whom　he　would　make　such　agreements　as　might　be　for　the　city's　security。　Hereupon　ten　of　the　most　potent　men　of　Tiberias　came　down　to　him　presently；　and　when　he　had　taken　them　into　one　of　his　vessels；　he　ordered　them　to　be　carried　a　great　way　off　from　the　city。　He　then　commanded　that　fifty　others　of　their　senate；　such　as　were　men　of　the　greatest　eminence；　should　come　to　him；　that　they　also　might　give　him　some　security　on　their　behalf。　After　which；　under　one　new　pretense　or　another；　he　called　forth　others；　one　after　another；　to　make　the　leagues　between　them。　He　then　gave　order　to　the　masters　of　those　vessels　which　he　had　thus　filled　to　sail　away　immediately　for　Taricheae；　and　to　confine　those　men　in　the　prison　there；　till　at　length　he　took　all　their　senate；　consisting　of　six　hundred　persons；　and　about　two　thousand　of　the　populace；　and　carried　them　away　to　Taricheae。　（35）

10。　And　when　the　rest　of　the　people　cried　out；　that　it　was　one　Clitus　that　was　the　chief　author　of　this　revolt；　they　desired　him　to　spend　his　anger　upon　him　＇only＇；　but　Josephus；　whose　intention　it　was　to　slay　nobody；　commanded　one　Levius；　belonging　to　his　guards；　to　go　out　of　the　vessel；　in　order　to　cut　off　both　Clitus's　hands；　yet　was　Levius　afraid　to　go　out　by　himself　alone　to　such　a　large　body　of　enemies；　and　refused　to　go。　Now　Clitus　saw　that　Josephus　was　in　a　great　passion　in　the　ship；　and　ready　to　leap　out　of　it；　in　order　to　execute　the　punishment　himself；　he　begged　therefore　from　the　shore；　that　he　would　leave　him　one　of　his　hands；　which　Josephus　agreed　to；　upon　condition　that　he　would　himself　cutoff　the　other　hand；　accordingly　he　drew　his　sword；　and　with　his　right　hand　cut　off　his　left；　so　great　was　the　fear　he　was　in　of　Josephus　himself。　And　thus　he　took　the　people　of　Tiberias　prisoners；　and　recovered　the　city　again　with　empty　ships　and　seven　of　his　guard。　Moreover；　a　few　days　afterward　he　retook　Gischala；　which　had　revolted　with　the　people　of　Sepphoris；　and　gave　his　soldiers　leave　to　plunder　it；　yet　did　he　get　all　the　plunder　together；　and　restored　it　to　the　inhabitants；　and　the　like　he　did　to　the　inhabitants　of　Sepphoris　and　Tiberias。　For　when　he　had　subdued　those　cities；　he　had　a　mind；　by　letting　them　be　plundered；　to　give　them　some　good　instruction；　while　at　the　same　time　he　regained　their　good…will　by　restoring　them　their　money　again。

CHAPTER　22。

The　Jews　Make　All　Ready　For　The　War；　And　Simon；　The　Son　Of　Gioras；　Falls　To　Plundering。

1。　And　thus　were　the　disturbances　of　Galilee　quieted；　when；　upon　their　ceasing　to　prosecute　their　civil　dissensions；　they　betook　themselves　to　make　preparations　for　the　war　with　the　Romans。　Now　in　Jerusalem　the　high　priest　Artanus；　and　do　as　many　of　the　men　of　power　as　were　not　in　the　interest　of　the　Romans；　both　repaired　the　walls；　and　made　a　great　many　warlike　instruments；　insomuch　that　in　all　parts　of　the　city　darts　and　all　sorts　of　armor　were　upon　the　anvil。　Although　the　multitude　of　the　young　men　were　engaged　in　exercises；　without　any　regularity；　and　all　places　were　full　of　tumultuous　doings；　yet　the　moderate　sort　were　exceedingly　sad；　and　a　great　many　there　were　who；　out　of　the　prospect　they　had　of　the　calamities　that　were　coming　upon　them；　made　great　lamentations。　There　were　also　such　omens　observed　as　were　understood　to　be　forerunners　of　evils　by　such　as　loved　peace；　but　were　by　those　that　kindled　the　war　interpreted　so　as　to　suit　their　own　inclinations；　and　the　very　state　of　the　city；　even　before　the　Romans　came　against　it；　was　that　of　a　place　doomed　to　destruction。　However；　Ananus's　concern　was　this；　to　lay　aside；　for　a　while；　the　preparations　for　the　war；　and　to　persuade　the　seditious　to　consult　their　own　interest；　and　to　restrain　the　madness　of　those　that　had　the　name　of　zealots；　but　their　violence　was　too　hard　for　him；　and　what　end　he　came　to　we　shall　relate　hereafter。

2。　But　as　for　the　Acrabbene　toparchy；　Simon；　the　son　of　Gioras；　got　a　great　number　of　those　that　were　fond　of　innovations　together；　and　betook　himself　to　ravage　the　country；　nor　did　he　only　harass　the　rich　men's　houses；　but　tormented　their　bodies；　and　appeared　openly　and　beforehand　to　affect　tyranny　in　his　government。　And　when　an　army　was　sent　against　him　by　Artanus；　and　the　other　rulers；　he　and　his　band　retired　to　the　robbers　that　were　at　Masada；　and　staid　there；　and　plundered　the　country　of　Idumea　with　them；　till　both　Ananus　and　his　other　adversaries　were　slain；　and　until　the　rulers　of　that　country　were　so　afflicted　with　the　multitude　of　those　that　were　slain；　and　with　the　continual　ravage　of　what　they　had；　that　they　raised　an　army；　and　put　garrisons　into　the　villages；　to　secure　them　from　those　insults。　And　in　this　state　were　the　affairs　of　Judea　at　that　time。

WAR　BOOK　2　FOOTNOTES

（1）　Hear　Dean　Aldrich's　note　on　this　place：　〃The　law　or　Custom　of　the　Jews　（says　he）　requires　seven　days'　mourning　for　the　dead；　Antiq。　B。　XVII。　ch。　8。　sect。　4；　whence　the　author　of　the　Book　of　Ecclesiasticus；　ch。　22：12；　assigns　seven　days　as　the　proper　time　of　mourning　for　the　dead；　and；　ch。　38：17；　enjoins　men　to　mourn　for　the　dead；　that　they　may　not　be　evil　spoken　of；　for；　as　Josephus　says　presently；　if　any　one　omits　this　mourning　＇funeral　feast＇；　he　is　not　esteemed　a　holy　person。　How　it　is　certain　that　such　a　seven　days'　mourning　has　been　customary　from　times　of　the　greatest　antiquity；　Genesis　1：10。　Funeral　feasts　are　also　mentioned　as　of　considerable　antiquity；　Ezekiel　24：17；　Jeremiah　16：7；　Prey。　31：6；　Deuteronomy　26：14；　Josephus；　Of　the　War　B。　III。　ch。　9。　sect。　5。

（2）　This　holding　a　council　in　the　temple　of　Apollo；　in　the　emperor's　palace　at　Rome；　by　Augustus；　and　even　the　building　of　this　temple　magnificently　by　himself　in　that　palace；　are　exactly　agreeable　to　Augustus；　in　his　elder　years；　as　Aldrich　and　from　Suttonius　and　Propertius。

（3）　Here　we　have　a　strong　confirmation　that　it　was　Xerxes；　and　not　Artaxerxes；　under　whom　the　main　part　of　the　Jews　returned　out　of　the　Babylonian　captivity；　i。e。　in　the　days　of　Ezra　and　Nehemiah。　The　same　thing　is　in　the　Antiquities；　B。　XI。　ch。6

（4）　This　practice　of　the　Essens；　in　refusing　to　swear；　and　esteeming　swearing　in　ordinary　occasions　worse　than　perjury；　is　delivered　here　in　general　words；　as　are　the　parallel　injunctions　of　our　Savior；　Matthew　6：34；　23：16；　and　of　St。　James；　5：12；　but　all　admit　of　particular　exceptions　for　solemn　causes；　and　on　great　and　necessary　occasions。　Thus　these　very　Essens；　who　here　do　so　zealously　avoid　swearing；　are　related；　in　the　very　next　section；　to　admit　none　till　they　take　tremendous　oaths　to　perform　their　several　duties　to　God；　and　to　their　neighbor；　without　supposing　they　thereby　break　this　rule；　Not　to　swear　at　all。　The　case　is　the　same　in　Christianity；　as　we　learn　from　the　Apostolical　Constitutions；　which　although　they　agree　with　Christ　and　St。　James；　in　forbidding　to　swear　in　general；　ch。　5：12；　6：2；　3；　yet　do　they　explain　it　elsewhere；　by　avoiding　to　swear　falsely；　and　to　swear　often　and　in　vain；　ch。　2：36；　and　again；　by　〃not　swearing　at　all；〃　but　withal　adding；　that　〃if　that　cannot　be　avoided；　to　swear　truly；〃　ch。　7：3；　which　abundantly　explain　to　us　the　nature　of　the　measures　of　this　general　injunction。

（5）　This　mention　of　the　〃names　of　angels；〃　so　particularly　preserved　by　the　Essens；　（if　it　means　more　than　those　〃messengers〃　which　were　employed　to　bring；　them　the　peculiar　books　of　their　Sect；）　looks　like　a　prelude　to　that　〃worshipping　of　angels；〃　blamed　by　St。　Paul；　as　superstitious　and　unlawful；　in　some　such　sort　of　people　as　these　Essens　were；　Colossians　2：8；　as　is　the　prayer　to　or　towards　the　sun　for　his　rising　every　morning；　mentioned　before；　sect。　5；　very　like　those　not　much　later　observances　made　mention　of　in　the　preaching　of　Peter；　Authent。　Rec。　Part　II。　p。　669；　and　regarding　a　kind　of　worship　of　angels；　of　the　month；　and　of　the　moon；　and　not　celebrating　the　new　moons；　or　other　festivals；　unless　the　moon　appeared。　Which；　indeed；　seems　to　me　the　earliest　mention　of　any　regard　to　the　phases　in　fixing　the　Jewish　calendar；　of　which　the　Talmud　and　later　Rabbins　talk　so　much；　and　upon　so　very　little　ancient　foundation。

（6）　Of　these　Jewish　or　Essene　（and　indeed　Christian）　doctrines　concerning　souls；　both　good　and　bad；　in　Hades；　see　that　excellent　discourse；　or　homily；　of　our　Josephus　concerning　Hades；　at　the　end　of　the　volume。

（7）　Dean　Aldrich　reckons　up　three　examples　of　this　gift　of　prophecy　in　several　of　these　Essens　out　of　Josephus　himself；　viz。　in　the　History　of　the　War；　B。　I。　ch。　3。　sect。　5；　Judas　foretold　the　death　of　Antigonus　at　Strato's　Tower；　B。　II。　ch。　7。　sect。　3；　Simon　foretold　that　Archelaus　should　reign　but　nine　or　ten　years；　and　Anti