the wars of the jews-第52部分

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r；　B。　II。　ch。　7。　sect。　3；　Simon　foretold　that　Archelaus　should　reign　but　nine　or　ten　years；　and　Antiq。　B。　XV。　ch。　10。　sect。　4；　5；　Menuhem　foretold　that　Herod　should　be　king；　and　should　reign　tyrannically；　and　that　for　more　than　twenty　or　even　thirty　years。　All　which　came　to　pass　accordingly。

（8）　There　is　so　much　more　here　about　the　Essens　than　is　cited　from　Josephus　in　Porphyry　and　Eusebius；　and　yet　so　much　less　about　the　Pharisees　and　Sadducees；　the　two　other　Jewish　sects；　than　would　naturally　be　expected　in　proportion　to　the　Essens　or　third　sect；　nay；　than　seems　to　be　referred　to　by　himself　elsewhere；　that　one　is　tempted　to　suppose　Josephus　had　at　first　written　less　of　the　one；　and　more　of　the　two　others；　than　his　present　copies　afford　us；　as　also；　that；　by　some　unknown　accident；　our　present　copies　are　here　made　up　of　the　larger　edition　in　the　first　case；　and　of　the　smaller　in　the　second。　See　the　note　in　Havercamp's　edition。　However；　what　Josephus　says　in　the　name　of　the　Pharisees；　that　only　the　souls　of　good　men　go　out　of　one　body　into　another；　although　all　souls　be　immortal；　and　still　the　souls　of　the　bad　are　liable　to　eternal　punishment；　as　also　what　he　says　afterwards；　Antiq。　B。　XVIII。　ch。　1。　sect。　3；　that　the　soul's　vigor　is　immortal；　and　that　under　the　earth　they　receive　rewards　or　punishments　according　as　their　lives　have　been　virtuous　or　vicious　in　the　present　world；　that　to　the　bad　is　allotted　an　eternal　prison；　but　that　the　good　are　permitted　to　live　again　in　this　world；　are　nearly　agreeable　to　the　doctrines　of　Christianity。　Only　Josephus's　rejection　of　the　return　of　the　wicked　into　other　bodies；　or　into　this　world；　which　he　grants　to　the　good；　looks　somewhat　like　a　contradiction　to　St。　Paul's　account　of　the　doctrine　of　the　Jews；　that　they　〃themselves　allowed　that　there　should　be　a　resurrection　of　the　dead；　both　of　the　just　and　unjust；〃　Acts　24：15。　Yet　because　Josephus's　account　is　that　of　the　Pharisees；　and　St。　Patti's　that　of　the　Jews　in　general；　and　of　himself　the　contradiction　is　not　very　certain。

（9）　We　have　here；　in　that　Greek　MS。　which　was　once　Alexander　Petavius's；　but　is　now　in　the　library　at　Leyden；　two　most　remarkable　additions　to　the　common　copies；　though　declared　worth　little　remark　by　the　editor；　which；　upon　the　mention　of　Tiberius's　coming　to　the　empire；　inserts　first　the　famous　testimony　of　Josephus　concerning　Jesus　Christ；　as　it　stands　verbatim　in　the　Antiquities；　B。　XVIII。　ch。　3。　sect。　3；　with　some　parts　of　that　excellent　discourse　or　homily　of　Josephus　concerning　Hades；　annexed　to　the　work。　But　what　is　here　principally　to　be　noted　is　this；　that　in　this　homily；　Josephus　having　just　mentioned　Christ；　as　〃God　the　Word；　and　the　Judge　of　the　world；　appointed　by　the　Father；〃　etc。；　adds；　that　〃he　had　himself　elsewhere　spoken　about　him　more　nicely　or　particularly。〃

（10）　This　use　of　corban；　or　oblation；　as　here　applied　to　the　sacred　money　dedicated　to　God　in　the　treasury　of　the　temple；　illustrates　our　Savior's　words；　Mark　7：11；　12。

（11）　Tacitus　owns　that　Caius　commanded　the　Jews　to　place　his　effigies　in　their　temple；　though　he　be　mistaken　when　he　adds　that　the　Jews　thereupon　took　arms。

（12）　This　account　of　a　place　near　the　mouth　of　the　river　Belus　in　Phoenicia；　whence　came　that　sand　out　of　which　the　ancients　made　their　glass；　is　a　known　thing　in　history；　particularly　in　Tacitus　and　Strabo；　and　more　largely　in　Pliny。

（13）　This　Memnon　had　several　monuments；　and　one　of　them　appears；　both　by　Strabo　and　Diodorus；　to　have　been　in　Syria；　and　not　improbably　in　this　very　place。

（14）　Reland　notes　here；　that　the　Talmud　in　recounting　ten　sad　accidents　for　which　the　Jews　ought　to　rend　their　garments；　reckons　this　for　one；　〃When　they　hear　that　the　law　of　God　is　burnt。〃

（15）　This　Ummidius；　or　Numidius；　or；　as　Tacitus　calls　him；　Vinidius　Quadratus；　is　mentioned　in　an　ancient　inscription；　still　preserved；　as　Spanhelm　here　informs　us；　which　calls　him　Urnmidius　Quadratus。

（16）　Take　the　character　of　this　Felix　（who　is　well　known　from　the　Acts　of　the　Apostles；　particularly　from　his　trembling　when　St。　Paul　discoursed　of　〃righteousness；　chastity；　and　judgment　to　come；〃　Acts　24：5；　and　no　wonder；　when　we　have　elsewhere　seen　that　he　lived　in　adultery　with　Drusilla；　another　man's　wife；　（Antiq。　B。　XX。　ch。　7。　sect。　1）　in　the　words　of　Tacitus；　produced　here　by　Dean　Aldrich：　〃Felix　exercised；〃　says　Tacitas；　〃the　authority　of　a　king；　with　the　disposition　of　a　slave；　and　relying　upon　the　great　power　of　his　brother　Pallas　at　court；　thought　he　might　safely　be　guilty　of　all　kinds　of　wicked　practices。〃　Observe　also　the　time　when　he　was　made　procurator；　A。D。　52；　that　when　St。　Paul　pleaded　his　cause　before　him；　A。D。　58；　he　might　have　been　〃many　years　a　judge　unto　that　nation；〃　as　St。　Paul　says　he　had　then　been；　Acts　24：10。　But　as　to　what　Tacitus　here　says；　that　before　the　death　of　Cumanus；　Felix　was　procurator　over　Samaria　only；　does　not　well　agree　with　St。　Paul's　words；　who　would　hardly　have　called　Samaria　a　Jewish　nation。　In　short；　since　what　Tacitus　here　says　is　about　countries　very　remote　from　Rome；　where　he　lived；　since　what　he　says　of　two　Roman　procurators；　the　one　over　Galilee；　the　other　over　Samaria　at　the　same　time；　is　without　example　elsewhere；　and　since　Josephus；　who　lived　at　that　very　time　in　Judea；　appears　to　have　known　nothing　of　this　procuratorship　of　Felix；　before　the　death　of　Cureanus；　I　much　suspect　the　story　itself　as　nothing　better　than　a　mistake　of　Tacitus；　especially　when　it　seems　not　only　omitted；　but　contradicted　by　Josephus；　as　any　one　may　find　that　compares　their　histories　together。　Possibly　Felix　might　have　been　a　subordinate　judge　among　the　Jews　some　time　before　under　Cureanus；　but　that　he　was　in　earnest　a　procurator　of　Samaria　before　I　do　not　believe。　Bishop　Pearson；　as　well　as　Bishop　Lloyd；　quote　this　account；　but　with　a　doubtful　clause：　confides　Tacito；　〃If　we　may　believe　Tacitus。〃　Pears。　Anhal。　Paulin。　p。　8；　Marshall's　Tables；　at　A。D。　49。

（17）　i。e。　Herod　king　of　Chalcis。

（18）　Not　long　after　this　beginning　of　Florus；　the　wickedest　of　all　the　Roman　procurators　of　Judea；　and　the　immediate　occasion　of　the　Jewish　war；　at　the　twelfth　year　of　Nero；　and　the　seventeenth　of　Agrippa；　or　A。D。　66；　the　history　in　the　twenty　books　of　Josephus's　Antiquities　ends；　although　Josephus　did　not　finish　these　books　till　the　thirteenth　of　Domitian；　or　A。D。　93；　twenty…seven　years　afterward；　as　he　did　not　finish　their　Appendix；　containing　an　account　of　his　own　life；　till　Agrippa　was　dead；　which　happened　in　the　third　year　of　Trajan；　or　A。　D。　100；　as　I　have　several　times　observed　before。

（19）　Here　we　may　note；　that　three　millions　of　the　Jews　were　present　at　the　passover；　A。D。　65；　which　confirms　what　Josephus　elsewhere　informs　us　of；　that　at　a　passover　a　little　later　they　counted　two　hundred　and　fifty…six　thousand　five　hundred　paschal　lambs；　which；　at　twelve　to　each　lamb；　which　is　no　immoderate　calculation；　come　to　three　millions　and　seventy…eight　thousand。　See　B。　VI。　ch。　9。　sect。　3。

（20）　Take　here　Dr。　Hudson's　very　pertinent　note。　〃By　this　action；〃　says　he；　〃the　killing　of　a　bird　over　an　earthen　vessel；　the　Jews　were　exposed　as　a　leprous　people；　for　that　was　to　be　done　by　the　law　in　the　cleansing　of　a　leper；　Leviticus　14。　It　is　also　known　that　the　Gentiles　reproached　the　Jews　as　subject　to　the　leprosy；　and　believed　that　they　were　driven　out　of　Egypt　on　that　account。　This　that　eminent　person　Mr。　Reland　suggested　to　me。〃

（21）　Here　we　have　examples　of　native　Jews　who　were　of　the　equestrian　order　among　the　Romans；　and　so　ought　never　to　have　been　whipped　or　crucified；　according　to　the　Roman　laws。　See　almost　the　like　case　in　St。　Paul　himself；　Acts　22：25…29。

（22）　This　vow　which　Bernice　（here　and　elsewhere　called　queen；　not　only　as　daughter　and　sister　to　two　kings；　Agrippa　the　Great；　and　Agrippa　junior；　but　the　widow　of　Herod　king　of　Chalcis）　came　now　to　accomplish　at　Jerusalem　was　not　that　of　a　Nazarite；　but　such　a　one　as　religious　Jews　used　to　make；　in　hopes　of　any　deliverance　from　a　disease；　or　other　danger；　as　Josephus　here　intimates。　However；　these　thirty　days'　abode　at　Jerusalem；　for　fasting　and　preparation　against　the　oblation　of　a　proper　sacrifice；　seems　to　be　too　long；　unless　it　were　wholly　voluntary　in　this　great　lady。　It　is　not　required　in　the　law　of　Moses　relating　to　Nazarites；　Numbers　6。；　and　is　very　different　from　St。　Paul's　time　for　such　preparation；　which　was　but　one　day；　Acts　21：26。　So　we　want　already　the　continuation　of　the　Antiquities　to　afford　us　light　here；　as　they　have　hitherto　done　on　so　many　occasions　elsewhere。　Perhaps　in　this　age　the　traditions　of　the　Pharisees　had　obliged　the　Jews　to　this　degree　of　rigor；　not　only　as　to　these　thirty　days'　preparation；　but　as　to　the　going　barefoot　all　that　time；　which　here　Bernice　submitted　to　also。　For　we　know　that　as　God's　and　our　Savior's　yoke　is　usually　easy；　and　his　burden　comparatively　light；　in　such　positive　injunctions；　Matthew　11：30；　so　did　the　scribes　and　Pharisees　sometimes　〃bind　upon　men　heavy　burdens；　and　grievous　to　be　borne；〃　even　when　they　themselves　〃would　not　touch　them　with　one　of　their　fingers；〃　Matthew　23：4；　Luke　11：46。　However；　Noldius　well　observes；　De　Herod。　No。　404；　414；　that　Juvenal；　in　his　sixth　satire；　alludes　to　this　remarkable　penance　or　submission　of　this　Bernice　to　Jewish　discipline；　and　jests　upon　her　for　it；　as　do　Tacitus；　Dio；　Suetonius；　and　Sextus　Aurelius　mention　her　as　one　well　known　at　Rome。Ibid。

（23）　I　take　this　Bezetha　to　be　that　small　hill　adjoining　to　the　north　side　of　the　temple；　whereon　was　the　hospital　with　five　porticoes　or　cloisters；　and　beneath　which　was　the　sheep　pool　of　Bethesda；　into　which　an　angel　or　messenger；　at　a　certain　season；　descended；　and　where　he　or　they　who　were　the　〃first　put　into　the　pool〃　were　cured；　John　5：1　etc。　This　situation　of　Bezetha；　in　Josephus；　on　the　north　side　of　the　temple；　and　not　far　off　the　tower　Antonia；　exactly　agrees　to　the　place　of　the　same　pool　at　this　day；　only　the　remaining　cloisters　are　but　three。　See　Maundrel；　p。　106。　The　entire　buildings　seem　to　have　been　called　the　New　City；　and　this　part；　where　was　the　hospital；　peculiarly　Bezetha　or　Bethesda。　See　ch。　19。　sect。　4。

（24）　In　this　speech　of　king　Agrippa　we　have　an　authentic　account　of　the　extent　and　strength　of　the　Ro