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came¡¡the¡¡main¡¡army¡¡in¡¡their¡¡squadrons¡¡and¡¡battalions£»¡¡with¡¡six¡¡men¡¡in¡¡depth£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡followed¡¡at¡¡last¡¡by¡¡a¡¡centurion£»¡¡who£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡custom£»¡¡observed¡¡the¡¡rest¡£¡¡As¡¡for¡¡the¡¡servants¡¡of¡¡every¡¡legion£»¡¡they¡¡all¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡footmen£»¡¡and¡¡led¡¡the¡¡baggage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soldiers£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡borne¡¡by¡¡the¡¡mules¡¡and¡¡other¡¡beasts¡¡of¡¡burden¡£¡¡But¡¡behind¡¡all¡¡the¡¡legions¡¡carne¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡multitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mercenaries£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡that¡¡brought¡¡up¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡came¡¡last¡¡of¡¡all¡¡for¡¡the¡¡security¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡army£»¡¡being¡¡both¡¡footmen£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡in¡¡their¡¡armor¡¡also£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡horsemen¡£

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CHAPTER¡¡7¡£

Vespasian£»¡¡When¡¡He¡¡Had¡¡Taken¡¡The¡¡City¡¡Gadaea¡¡Marches¡¡To¡¡Jotapata¡£¡¡After¡¡A¡¡Long¡¡Siege¡¡The¡¡City¡¡Is¡¡Betrayed¡¡By¡¡A¡¡Deserter£»¡¡And¡¡Taken¡¡By¡¡Vespasian¡£

1¡£¡¡So¡¡Vespasian¡¡marched¡¡to¡¡the¡¡city¡¡Gadara£»¡¡and¡¡took¡¡it¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡first¡¡onset£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡found¡¡it¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡any¡¡considerable¡¡number¡¡of¡¡men¡¡grown¡¡up¡¡and¡¡fit¡¡for¡¡war¡£¡¡He¡¡came¡¡then¡¡into¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡slew¡¡all¡¡the¡¡youth£»¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡having¡¡no¡¡mercy¡¡on¡¡any¡¡age¡¡whatsoever£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡was¡¡done¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hatred¡¡they¡¡bore¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡and¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡iniquity¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡guilty¡¡of¡¡in¡¡the¡¡affair¡¡of¡¡Cestius¡£¡¡He¡¡also¡¡set¡¡fire¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡city¡¡itself£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡villas¡¡and¡¡small¡¡cities¡¡that¡¡were¡¡round¡¡about¡¡it£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡were¡¡quite¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡he¡¡carried¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡as¡¡slaves¡¡into¡¡captivity¡£

2¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡Josephus£»¡¡his¡¡retiring¡¡to¡¡that¡¡city¡¡which¡¡he¡¡chose¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡fit¡¡for¡¡his¡¡security£»¡¡put¡¡it¡¡into¡¡great¡¡fear£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Tiberias¡¡did¡¡not¡¡imagine¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡have¡¡run¡¡away£»¡¡unless¡¡he¡¡had¡¡entirely¡¡despaired¡¡of¡¡the¡¡success¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡£¡¡And¡¡indeed£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡that¡¡point£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡¡mistaken¡¡about¡¡his¡¡opinion£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡whither¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡would¡¡tend¡¡at¡¡last£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡sensible¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡but¡¡one¡¡way¡¡of¡¡escaping£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡was¡¡by¡¡repentance¡£¡¡However£»¡¡although¡¡he¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡would¡¡forgive¡¡him£»¡¡yet¡¡did¡¡he¡¡chose¡¡to¡¡die¡¡many¡¡times¡¡over£»¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡to¡¡betray¡¡his¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡dishonor¡¡that¡¡supreme¡¡command¡¡of¡¡the¡¡army¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡intrusted¡¡with¡¡him£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡live¡¡happily¡¡under¡¡those¡¡against¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡fight¡£¡¡He¡¡determined£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡to¡¡give¡¡an¡¡exact¡¡account¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡men¡¡at¡¡Jerusalem¡¡by¡¡a¡¡letter£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡not£»¡¡by¡¡too¡¡much¡¡aggrandizing¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemy£»¡¡make¡¡them¡¡too¡¡timorous£»¡¡nor£»¡¡by¡¡relating¡¡that¡¡their¡¡power¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡truth£»¡¡might¡¡encourage¡¡them¡¡to¡¡stand¡¡out¡¡when¡¡they¡¡were¡¡perhaps¡¡disposed¡¡to¡¡repentance¡£¡¡He¡¡also¡¡sent¡¡them¡¡word£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡they¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡coming¡¡to¡¡terms£»¡¡they¡¡must¡¡suddenly¡¡write¡¡him¡¡an¡¡answer£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡they¡¡resolved¡¡upon¡¡war£»¡¡they¡¡must¡¡send¡¡him¡¡an¡¡army¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡the¡¡Romans¡£¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡he¡¡wrote¡¡these¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡messengers¡¡immediately¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡his¡¡letter¡¡to¡¡Jerusalem¡£

3¡£¡¡Now¡¡Vespasian¡¡was¡¡very¡¡desirous¡¡of¡¡demolishing¡¡Jotapata£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡had¡¡gotten¡¡intelligence¡¡that¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡had¡¡retired¡¡thither£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was£»¡¡on¡¡other¡¡accounts£»¡¡a¡¡place¡¡of¡¡great¡¡security¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡he¡¡sent¡¡both¡¡foot¡­men¡¡and¡¡horsemen¡¡to¡¡level¡¡the¡¡road£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡mountainous¡¡and¡¡rocky£»¡¡not¡¡without¡¡difficulty¡¡to¡¡be¡¡traveled¡¡over¡¡by¡¡footmen£»¡¡but¡¡absolutely¡¡impracticable¡¡for¡¡horsemen¡£¡¡Now¡¡these¡¡workmen¡¡accomplished¡¡what¡¡they¡¡were¡¡about¡¡in¡¡four¡¡days'¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡opened¡¡a¡¡broad¡¡way¡¡for¡¡the¡¡army¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡fifth¡¡day£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡twenty¡­first¡¡of¡¡the¡¡month¡¡Artemisius£»¡¡£¨Jyar£»£©¡¡Josephus¡¡prevented¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡came¡¡from¡¡Tiberias£»¡¡and¡¡went¡¡into¡¡Jotapata£»¡¡and¡¡raised¡¡the¡¡drooping¡¡spirits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews¡£¡¡And¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡deserter¡¡told¡¡this¡¡good¡¡news¡¡to¡¡Vespasian£»¡¡that¡¡Josephus¡¡had¡¡removed¡¡himself¡¡thither£»¡¡which¡¡made¡¡him¡¡make¡¡haste¡¡to¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡as¡¡supposing¡¡that¡¡with¡¡taking¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡take¡¡all¡¡Judea£»¡¡in¡¡case¡¡he¡¡could¡¡but¡¡withal¡¡get¡¡Josephus¡¡under¡¡his¡¡power¡£¡¡So¡¡he¡¡took¡¡this¡¡news¡¡to¡¡be¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vastest¡¡advantage¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡believed¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡about¡¡by¡¡the¡¡providence¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡who¡¡appeared¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡most¡¡prudent¡¡man¡¡of¡¡all¡¡their¡¡enemies£»¡¡had£»¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡accord£»¡¡shut¡¡himself¡¡up¡¡in¡¡a¡¡place¡¡of¡¡sure¡¡custody¡£¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡he¡¡sent¡¡Placidus¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡horsemen£»¡¡and¡¡Ebutius¡¡a¡¡decurion£»¡¡a¡¡person¡¡that¡¡was¡¡of¡¡eminency¡¡both¡¡in¡¡council¡¡and¡¡in¡¡action£»¡¡to¡¡encompass¡¡the¡¡city¡¡round£»¡¡that¡¡Josephus¡¡might¡¡not¡¡escape¡¡away¡¡privately¡£

4¡£¡¡Vespasian¡¡also£»¡¡the¡¡very¡¡next¡¡day£»¡¡took¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡army¡¡and¡¡followed¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡marching¡¡till¡¡late¡¡in¡¡the¡¡evening£»¡¡arrived¡¡then¡¡at¡¡Jotapata£»¡¡and¡¡bringing¡¡his¡¡army¡¡to¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡he¡¡pitched¡¡his¡¡camp¡¡on¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡small¡¡hill¡¡which¡¡was¡¡seven¡¡furlongs¡¡from¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡greatly¡¡endeavored¡¡to¡¡be¡¡well¡¡seen¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemy£»¡¡to¡¡put¡¡them¡¡into¡¡a¡¡consternation£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡indeed¡¡so¡¡terrible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡immediately£»¡¡that¡¡no¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡durst¡¡go¡¡out¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡wall¡£¡¡Yet¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡put¡¡off¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡had¡¡marched¡¡all¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡although¡¡they¡¡placed¡¡a¡¡double¡¡row¡¡of¡¡battalions¡¡round¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡third¡¡row¡¡beyond¡¡them¡¡round¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡which¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡cavalry£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡stop¡¡up¡¡every¡¡way¡¡for¡¡an¡¡exit£»¡¡which¡¡thing¡¡making¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡despair¡¡of¡¡escaping£»¡¡excited¡¡them¡¡to¡¡act¡¡more¡¡boldly£»¡¡for¡¡nothing¡¡makes¡¡men¡¡fight¡¡so¡¡desperately¡¡in¡¡war¡¡as¡¡necessity¡£

5¡£¡¡Now¡¡when¡¡the¡¡next¡¡day¡¡an¡¡assault¡¡was¡¡made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡at¡¡first¡¡staid¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡and¡¡opposed¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡met¡¡them£»¡¡as¡¡having¡¡formed¡¡themselves¡¡a¡¡camp¡¡before¡¡the¡¡city¡¡walls¡£¡¡But¡¡when¡¡Vespasian¡¡had¡¡set¡¡against¡¡them¡¡the¡¡archers¡¡and¡¡slingers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡multitude¡¡that¡¡could¡¡throw¡¡to¡¡a¡¡great¡¡distance£»¡¡he¡¡permitted¡¡them¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡while¡¡he¡¡himself£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡footmen£»¡¡got¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡acclivity£»¡¡whence¡¡the¡¡city¡¡might¡¡easily¡¡be¡¡taken¡£¡¡Josephus¡¡was¡¡then¡¡in¡¡fear¡¡for¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡and¡¡leaped¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡Jewish¡¡multitude¡¡with¡¡him£»¡¡these¡¡fell¡¡together¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡in¡¡great¡¡numbers£»¡¡and¡¡drove¡¡them¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡wall£»¡¡and¡¡performed¡¡a¡¡great¡¡many¡¡glorious¡¡and¡¡bold¡¡actions¡£¡¡Yet¡¡did¡¡they¡¡suffer¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡they¡¡made¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡suffer£»¡¡for¡¡as¡¡despair¡¡of¡¡deliverance¡¡encouraged¡¡the¡¡Jews£»¡¡so¡¡did¡¡a¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡shame¡¡equally¡¡encourage¡¡the¡¡Romans¡£¡¡These¡¡last¡¡had¡¡skill¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡strength£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡had¡¡only¡¡courage£»¡¡which¡¡armed¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡them¡¡fight¡¡furiously¡£¡¡And¡¡when¡¡the¡¡fight¡¡had¡¡lasted¡¡all¡¡day£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡put¡¡an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡by¡¡the¡¡coming¡¡on¡¡of¡¡the¡¡night¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡wounded¡¡a¡¡great¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡and¡¡killed¡¡of¡¡them¡¡thirteen¡¡men£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews'¡¡side¡¡seventeen¡¡were¡¡slain£»¡¡and¡¡six¡¡hundred¡¡wounded¡£

6¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡next¡¡day¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡made¡¡another¡¡attack¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡and¡¡went¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡and¡¡fought¡¡a¡¡much¡¡more¡¡desperate¡¡battle¡¡with¡¡them¡¡titan¡¡before¡£¡¡For¡¡they¡¡were¡¡now¡¡become¡¡more¡¡courageous¡¡than¡¡formerly£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡unexpected¡¡good¡¡opposition¡¡they¡¡had¡¡made¡¡the¡¡day¡¡before£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡found¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡also¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡more¡¡desperately£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡shame¡¡inflamed¡¡these¡¡into¡¡a¡¡passion£»¡¡as¡¡esteeming¡¡their¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sudden¡¡victory¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡defeat¡£¡¡Thus¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡try¡¡to¡¡make¡¡an¡¡impression¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡till¡¡the¡¡fifth¡¡day¡¡continually£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Jotapata¡¡made¡¡sallies¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡fought¡¡at¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡most¡¡desperately£»¡¡nor¡¡were¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡affrighted¡¡at¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemy£»¡¡nor¡¡were¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡discouraged¡¡at¡¡the¡¡difficulties¡¡they¡¡met¡¡with¡¡in¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡city¡£

7¡£¡¡Now¡¡Jotapata¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡of¡¡it¡¡built¡¡on¡¡a¡¡precipice£»¡¡having¡¡on¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡sides¡¡of¡¡it¡¡every¡¡way¡¡valleys¡¡immensely¡¡deep¡¡and¡¡steep£»¡¡insomuch¡¡that¡¡those¡¡who¡¡would¡¡look¡¡down¡¡would¡¡have¡¡their¡¡sight¡¡fail¡¡them¡¡before¡¡it¡¡reaches¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡only¡¡to¡¡be¡¡come¡¡at¡¡on¡¡the¡¡north¡¡side£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡is¡¡built¡¡on¡¡the¡¡mountain£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡ends¡¡obliquely¡¡at¡¡a¡¡plain¡£¡¡This¡¡mountain¡¡Josephus¡¡had¡¡encompassed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡wall¡¡when¡¡he¡¡fortified¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡that¡¡its¡¡top¡¡might¡¡not¡¡be¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡seized¡¡upon¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemies¡£¡¡The¡¡city¡¡is¡¡covered¡¡all¡¡round¡¡with¡¡other¡¡mountains£»¡¡and¡¡can¡¡no¡¡way¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡till¡¡a¡¡man¡¡comes¡¡just¡¡upon¡¡it¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡strong¡¡situation¡¡of¡¡Jotapata¡£

8¡£¡¡Vespasian£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡try¡¡how¡¡he¡¡might¡¡overcome¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡the¡¡place£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡bold¡¡defense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jews£»¡¡made¡¡a¡¡resolution¡¡to¡¡prosecute¡¡the¡¡siege¡¡with¡¡vigor¡£¡¡To¡¡that¡¡end¡¡he¡¡called¡¡the¡¡commanders¡¡that¡¡were¡¡under¡¡him¡¡to¡¡a¡¡council¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡consulted¡¡with¡¡them¡¡which¡¡way¡¡the¡¡assault¡¡might¡¡be¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡best¡¡advantage¡£¡¡And¡¡when¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡was¡¡there¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡a¡¡bank¡¡against¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡which¡¡was¡¡practicable£»¡¡he¡¡sent¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡army¡¡abroad¡¡to¡¡get¡¡the¡¡materials¡¡together¡£¡¡So¡¡when¡¡they¡¡had¡¡cut¡¡down¡¡all¡¡the¡¡trees¡¡on¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡that¡¡adjoined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡city£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡gotten¡¡together¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡heap¡¡of¡¡stones£»¡¡besides¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡they¡¡had¡¡cut¡¡down£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡brought¡¡hurdles£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡darts¡¡that¡¡were¡¡shot¡¡from¡¡above¡¡them¡£¡¡These¡¡hurdles¡¡they¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡their¡¡banks£»¡¡under¡¡cover¡¡whereof¡¡they¡¡formed¡¡their¡¡bank£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡were¡¡little¡¡or¡¡nothing¡¡hurt¡¡by¡¡the¡¡darts¡¡that¡¡were¡¡thrown¡¡upon¡¡them¡¡from¡¡the¡¡wall£»¡¡while¡¡others¡¡pulled¡¡the¡¡neighboring¡¡hillocks¡¡to¡¡pieces£»¡¡and¡¡perpetually¡¡brought¡¡earth¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡while¡¡they¡¡were¡¡busy¡¡three¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡ways£»¡¡nobody¡¡was¡¡idle¡£¡¡However£»¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡cast¡¡great¡¡stones¡¡from¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡hurdles¡¡which¡¡protected
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