the wars of the jews-第67部分

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　came　Vespasian；　and　ordered　them　all　to　stand　in　the　stadium；　and　commanded　them　to　kill　the　old　men；　together　with　the　others　that　were　useless；　which　were　in　number　a　thousand　and　two　hundred。　Out　of　the　young　men　he　chose　six　thousand　of　the　strongest；　and　sent　them　to　Nero；　to　dig　through　the　Isthmus；　and　sold　the　remainder　for　slaves；　being　thirty　thousand　and　four　hundred；　besides　such　as　he　made　a　present　of　to　Agrippa；　for　as　to　those　that　belonged　to　his　kingdom；　he　gave　him　leave　to　do　what　he　pleased　with　them；　however；　the　king　sold　these　also　for　slaves；　but　for　the　rest　of　the　multitude；　who　were　Trachonites；　and　Gaulanites；　and　of　Hippos；　and　some　of　Gadara；　the　greatest　part　of　them　were　seditious　persons　and　fugitives；　who　were　of　such　shameful　characters；　that　they　preferred　war　before　peace。　These　prisoners　were　taken　on　the　eighth　day　of　the　month　Gorpiaeus　＇Elul＇。

WAR　BOOK　3　NOTES

（1）　Take　the　confirmation　of　this　in　the　words　of　Suetonius；　here　produced　by　Dr。　Hudson：　〃In　the　reign　of　Claudius；〃　says　he；　〃Vespasian；　for　the　sake　of　Narcissus；　was　sent　as　a　lieutenant　of　a　legion　into　Germany。　Thence　he　removed　into　Britain　〃　battles　with　the　enemy。〃　In　Vesp。　sect。　4。　We　may　also　here　note　from　Josephus；　that　Claudius　the　emperor；　who　triumphed　for　the　conquest　of　Britain；　was　enabled　so　to　do　by　Vespasian's　conduct　and　bravery；　and　that　he　is　here　styled　〃the　father　of　Vespasian。〃

（2）　Spanheim　and　Reland　both　agree；　that　the　two　cities　here　esteemed　greater　than　Antioch；　the　metropolis　of　Syria；　were　Rome　and　Alexandria；　nor　is　there　any　occasion　for　doubt　in　so　plain　a　case。

（3）　This　description　of　the　exact　symmetry　and　regularity　of　the　Roman　army；　and　of　the　Roman　encampments；　with　the　sounding　their　trumpets；　etc。　and　order　of　war；　described　in　this　and　the　next　chapter；　is　so　very　like　to　the　symmetry　and　regularity　of　the　people　of　Israel　in　the　wilderness；　（see　Description　of　the　Temples；　ch。　9。；）　that　one　cannot　well　avoid　the　supposal；　that　the　one　was　the　ultimate　pattern　of　the　other；　and　that　the　tactics　of　the　ancients　were　taken　from　the　rules　given　by　God　to　Moses。　And　it　is　thought　by　some　skillful　in　these　matters；　that　these　accounts　of　Josephus；　as　to　the　Roman　camp　and　armor；　and　conduct　in　war；　are　preferable　to　those　in　the　Roman　authors　themselves。

（4）　I　cannot　but　here　observe　an　Eastern　way　of　speaking；　frequent　among　them；　but　not　usual　among　us；　where　the　word　〃only〃　or　〃alone〃　is　not　set　down；　but　perhaps　some　way　supplied　in　the　pronunciation。　Thus　Josephus　here　says；　that　those　of　Jotapata　slew　seven　of　the　Romans　as　they　were　marching　off；　because　the　Romans'　retreat　was　regular；　their　bodies　were　covered　over　with　their　armor；　and　the　Jews　fought　at　some　distance；　his　meaning　is　clear；　that　these　were　the　reasons　why　they　slew　only；　or　no　more　than　seven。　I　have　met　with　many　the　like　examples　in　the　Scriptures；　in　Josephus；　etc。；　but　did　not　note　down　the　particular　places。　This　observation　ought　to　be　borne　in　mind　upon　many　occasions。

（5）　These　public　mourners；　hired　upon　the　supposed　death　of　Josephus；　and　the　real　death　of　many　more；　illustrate　some　passages　in　the　Bible；　which　suppose　the　same　custom；　as　Matthew　11：17；　where　the　reader　may　consult　the　notes　of　Grotius。

（6）　Of　this　Cesarea　Philippi　（twice　mentioned　in　our　New　Testament；　Matthew　16：13；　Mark　8；27）　there　are　coins　still　extant；　Spanheim　here　informs　us。

（7）　I　do　not　know　where　to　find　the　law　of　Moses　here　mentioned　by　Josephus；　and　afterwards　by　Eleazar；　13。　VII。　ch。　8。　sect。　7；　and　almost　implied　in　B。　I。　ch。　13。　sect。　10；　by　Josephus's　commendation　of　Phasaelus　for　doing　so；　I　mean；　whereby　Jewish　generals　and　people　were　obliged　to　kill　themselves；　rather　than　go　into　slavery　under　heathens。　I　doubt　this　would　have　been　no　better　than　〃self…murder；〃　and　I　believe　it　was　rather　some　vain　doctrine；　or　interpretation；　of　the　rigid　Pharisees；　or　Essens；　or　Herodiaus；　than　a　just　consequence　from　any　law　of　God　delivered　by　Moses。

（7）　It　may　be　worth　our　while　to　observe　here；　that　near　this　lake　of　Gennesareth　grapes　and　figs　hang　on　the　trees　ten　months　of　the　year。　We　may　observe　also；　that　in　Cyril　of　Jerusalem；　Cateehes。　18。　sect。　3；　which　was　delivered　not　long　before　Easter；　there　were　no　fresh　leaves　of　fig　trees；　nor　bunches　of　fresh　grapes　in　Judea；　so　that　when　St。　Mark　says；　ch。　11。　ver。　13；　that　our　Savior；　soon　after　the　same　time　of　the　year；　came　and　〃found　leaves〃　on　a　fig　tree　near　Jerusalem；　but　〃no　figs；　because　the　time　of〃　new　〃figs〃　ripening　〃was　not　yet；〃　he　says　very　true；　nor　were　they　therefore　other　than　old　leaves　which　our　Savior　saw；　and　old　figs　which　he　expected；　and　which　even　with　us　commonly　hang　on　the　trees　all　winter　long。

（8）　This　is　the　most　cruel　and　barbarous　action　that　Vespasian　ever　did　in　this　whole　war；　as　he　did　it　with　great　reluctance　also。　It　was　done　both　after　public　assurance　given　of　sparing　the　prisoners'　lives；　and　when　all　knew　and　confessed　that　these　prisoners　were　no　way　guilty　of　any　sedition　against　the　Romans。　Nor　indeed　did　Titus　now　give　his　consent；　so　far　as　appears；　nor　ever　act　of　himself　so　barbarously；　nay；　soon　after　this；　Titus　grew　quite　weary　of　shedding　blood；　and　of　punishing　the　innocent　with　the　guilty；　and　gave　the　people　of　Gischala　leave　to　keep　the　Jewish　sabbath；　B。　IV。　ch。　2。　sect。　3；　5；　in　the　midst　of　their　siege。　Nor　was　Vespasian　disposed　to　do　what　he　did；　till　his　officers　persuaded　him；　and　that　from　two　principal　topics；　viz。　that　nothing　could　be　unjust　that　was　done　against　Jews；　and　that　when　both　cannot　be　consistent；　advantage　must　prevail　over　justice。　Admirable　court　doctrines　these！

BOOK　IV。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Containing　The　Interval　Of　About　One　Year。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　From　The　Siege　Of　Gamala　To　The　Coming　　　　　　　　　Of　Titus　To　Besiege　Jerusalem。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAPTER　1。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The　Siege　And　Taking　Of　Gamala。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1。　Now　all　those　Galileans　who；　after　the　taking　of　Jotapata；　　　had　revolted　from　the　Romans；　did；　upon　the　conquest　of

Taricheae；　deliver　themselves　up　to　them　again。　And　the　Romans　received　all　the　fortresses　and　the　cities；　excepting　Gischala　and　those　that　had　seized　upon　Mount　Tabor；　Gamala　also；　which　is　a　city　ever　against　Tarichem；　but　on　the　other　side　of　the　lake；　conspired　with　them。　This　city　lay　Upon　the　borders　of　Agrippa's　kingdom；　as　also　did　Sogana　and　Scleucia。　And　these　were　both　parts　of　Gaulanitis；　for　Sogana　was　a　part　of　that　called　the　Upper　Gaulanitis；　as　was　Gamala　of　the　Lower；　while　Selcucia　was　situated　at　the　lake　Semechouitis；　which　lake　is　thirty　furlongs　in　breadth；　and　sixty　in　length；　its　marshes　reach　as　far　as　the　place　Daphne；　which　in　other　respects　is　a　delicious　place；　and　hath　such　fountains　as　supply　water　to　what　is　called　Little　Jordan；　under　the　temple　of　the　golden　calf；　（1）　where　it　is　sent　into　Great　Jordan。　Now　Agrippa　had　united　Sogana　and　Seleucia　by　leagues　to　himself；　at　the　very　beginning　of　the　revolt　from　the　Romans；　yet　did　not　Gamala　accede　to　them；　but　relied　upon　the　difficulty　of　the　place；　which　was　greater　than　that　of　Jotapata；　for　it　was　situated　upon　a　rough　ridge　of　a　high　mountain；　with　a　kind　of　neck　in　the　middle：　where　it　begins　to　ascend；　it　lengthens　itself；　and　declines　as　much　downward　before　as　behind；　insomuch　that　it　is　like　a　camel　in　figure；　from　whence　it　is　so　named；　although　the　people　of　the　　　country　do　not　pronounce　it　accurately。　Both　on　the　side　and　the　face　there　are　abrupt　parts　divided　from　the　rest；　and　ending　in　vast　deep　valleys；　yet　are　the　parts　behind；　where　they　are　joined　to　the　mountain；　somewhat　easier　of　ascent　than　the　other；　but　then　the　people　belonging　to　the　place　have　cut　an　oblique　ditch　there；　and　made　that　hard　to　be　ascended　also。　On　its　acclivity；　which　is　straight；　houses　are　built；　and　those　very　thick　and　close　to　one　another。　The　city　also　hangs　so　strangely；　that　it　looks　as　if　it　would　fall　down　upon　itself；　so　sharp　is　it　at　the　top。　It　is　exposed　to　the　south；　and　its　southern　mount；　which　reaches　to　an　immense　height；　was　in　the　nature　of　a　citadel　to　the　city；　and　above　that　was　a　precipice；　not　walled　about；　but　extending　itself　to　an　immense　depth。　There　was　also　a　spring　of　water　within　the　wall；　at　the　utmost　limits　of　the　city。　　　　　　2。　As　this　city　was　naturally　hard　to　be　taken；　so　had　　　Josephus；　by　building　a　wall　about　it；　made　it　still　stronger；　as　also　by　ditches　and　mines　under　ground。　The　people　that　　　were　in　it　were　made　more　bold　by　the　nature　of　the　place　than　the　people　of　Jotapata　had　been；　but　it　had　much　fewer　fighting　men　in　it；　and　they　had　such　a　confidence　in　the　situation　of　the　place；　that　they　thought　the　enemy　could　not　be　too　many　for　them；　for　the　city　had　been　filled　with　those　that　had　fled　to　it　for　safety；　on　account　of　its　strength；　on　which　account　they　had　been　able　to　resist　those　whom　　　Agrippa　sent　to　besiege　it　for　seven　months　together。　　　　　　3。　But　Vespasian　removed　from　Emmaus；　where　he　had　last　　　pitched　his　camp　before　the　city　Tiberias；　（now　Emmaus；　if　it　be　interpreted；　may　be　rendered　〃a　warm　bath；〃　for　therein　is　a　spring　of　warm　water；　useful　for　healing；）　and　came　to　Gamala；　yet　was　its　situation　such　that　he　was　not　able　to　encompass　it　all　round　with　soldiers　to　watch　it；　but　where　the　places　were　practicable；　he　set　men　to　watch　it；　and　seized　upon　the　mountain　which　was　over　it。　And　as　the　　　legions；　according　to　their　usual　custom；　were　fortifying　their　camp　upon　that　mountain；　he　began　to　cast　up　banks　at　the　bottom；　at　the　part　towards　the　east；　where　the　highest　tower　of　the　whole　city　was；　and　where　the　fifteenth　legion　pitched　their　camp；　while　the　fifth　legion　did　duty　over　against　the　midst　of　the　city；　and　whilst　the　tenth　legion　filled　up　the　ditches　and　the　valleys。　Now　at　this　time　it　was　that　as　king　Agrippa　was　come　nigh　the　walls；　and　was　endeavoring　to　　　speak　to　those　that　were　on　the　walls　about　a　surrender；　he　was　hit　with　a　stone　on　his　right　elbow　by　one　of　the　slingers；　he　was　then　immediately　surrounded　with　his　own　men。　But　the　Romans　were　excited　to　set