the canadian dominion-第14部分

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ing　energy；　the　Catholic　Church　in　Canada　East　denounced　it；　and　the　rank　and　file　of　both　parties　in　Canada　West　gave　it　short　shrift。　Elgin　came　out　actively　in　opposition　and　aided　in　negotiating　the　Reciprocity　Treaty　with　the　United　States　which　met　the　economic　need。　Montreal　found　itself　isolated；　and　even　there　the　revival　of　trade　and　the　cooling　of　passions　turned　men's　thoughts　into　other　channels。　Soon　the　movement　was　but　a　memory；　chiefly　serviceable　to　political　opponents　for　taunting　some　signer　of　the　manifesto　whenever　he　later　made　parade　of　his　loyalty。　It　had　a　more　unfortunate　effect；　however；　in　leading　public　opinion　in　the　United　States　to　the　belief　for　many　years　that　a　strong　annexationist　sentiment　existed　in　Canada。　Never　again　did　annexation　receive　any　notable　measure　of　popular　support。　A　national　spirit　was　slowly　gaining　ground；　and　men　were　eventually　to　see　that　the　alternative　to　looking　to　London　for　salvation　was　not　looking　to　Washington　but　looking　to　themselves。


In　the　provinces　by　the　sea　the　struggle　for　responsible　government　was　won　at　much　the　same　time　as　in　Canada。　The　smaller　field　within　which　the　contest　was　waged　gave　it　a　bitter　personal　touch；　but　racial　hostility　did　not　enter　in；　and　the　British　Government　proved　less　obdurate　than　in　the　western　conflicts。　In　both　Nova　Scotia　and　New　Brunswick　little　oligarchies　had　become　entrenched。　The　Government　was　unprogressive；　and　fees　and　salaries　were　high。　The　Anglican　Church　had　received　privileges　galling　to　other　denominations　which　surpassed　it　in　numbers。　The　〃powers　that　were〃　found　a　shrewd　defender　in　Haliburton；　who　tried　to　teach　his　fellow　Bluenoses　through　the　homely　wit　of　〃Sam　Slick〃　that　they　should　leave　governing　to　those　who　had　the　training；　the　capacity；　and　the　leisure　it　required。　In　Prince　Edward　Island　the　land　question　still　overshadowed　all　others。　Every　proposal　for　its　settlement　was　rejected　by　the　influence　of　the　absentee　landlords　in　England；　and　the　agitation　went　wearily　on。

In　Nova　Scotia　the　outstanding　figure　in　the　ranks　of　reform　was　Joseph　Howe。　The　son　of　a　Loyalist　settler；　Howe　early　took　to　his　father's　work　of　journalism。　At　first　his　sympathies　were　with　the　governing　powers；　but　a　controversy　with　a　brother　editor；　Jotham　Blanchard；　a　New　Hampshire　man　who　found　radical　backing　among　the　Scots　of　Pictou；　gave　him　new　light　and　he　soon　threw　his　whole　powers　into　the　struggle　on　the　popular　side。　Howe　was　a　man　lavishly　gifted；　one　of　the　most　effective　orators　America　has　produced；　fearing　no　man　and　no　task　however　great；　filled　with　a　vitality；　a　humor；　a　broad　sympathy　for　his　fellows　that　gave　him　the　blind　obedience　of　thousands　of　followers　and　the　glowing　friendship　of　countless　firesides。　There　are　still　old　men　in　Nova　Scotia　whose　proudest　memory　is　that　they　once　held　Howe's　horse　or　ran　on　an　errand　for　a　look　from　his　kingly　eye。

Howe　took　up　the　fight　in　earnest　in　1835。　The　western　demand　for　responsible　government　pointed　the　way；　and　Howe　became；　with　Baldwin；　its　most　trenchant　advocate。　In　spite　of　the　determined　opposition　of　the　sturdy　old　soldier　Governor；　Sir　Colin　Campbell；　and　of　his　successor；　Lord　Falkland；　who　aped　Sydenham　and　whom　Howe　threatened　to　〃hire　a　black　man　to　horse…whip；〃　the　reformers　won。　In　1848　the　first　responsible　Cabinet　in　Nova　Scotia　came　to　power。

In　New　Brunswick　the　transition　to　responsible　government　came　gradually　and　without　dramatic　incidents　or　brilliant　figures　on　either　side。　Lemuel　Wilmot；　and　later　Charles　Fisher；　led　the　reform　ranks；　gradually　securing　for　the　Assembly　control　of　all　revenues；　abolishing　religious　inequalities；　and　effecting　some　reform　in　the　Executive　Council；　until　at　last　in　1855　the　crowning　demand　was　tardily　conceded。


From　the　Great　Lakes　to　the　Atlantic　the　political　fight　was　won；　and　men　turned　with　relief　to　the　tasks　which　strife　and　faction　had　hindered。　Self…government　meant　progressive　government。　With　organized　Cabinets　coordinating　and　controlling　their　policy　the　provinces　went　ahead　much　faster　than　when　Governor　and　Assembly　stood　at　daggers　drawn。　The　forties　and　especially　the　fifties　were　years　of　rapid　and　sound　development　in　all　the　provinces；　and　especially　in　Canada　West。　Settlers　poured　in；　the　scattered　clearings；　widened　until　one　joined　the　next；　and　pioneer　hardships　gave　way　to　substantial；　if　crude；　prosperity。　Education；　notably　under　the　vigorous　leadership　of　Egerton　Ryerson　in　Canada　West；　received　more　adequate　attention。　Banks　grew　and　with　them　all　commercial　facilities　increased。

The　distinctive　feature　of　this　period　of　Canadian　development；　however；　was　the　growth　of　canals　and　railroads。　The　forties　were　the　time　of　canal　building　and　rebuilding　all　along　the　lakes　and　the　St。　Lawrence　to　salt　water。　Canada　spent　millions　on　what　were　wonderful　works　for　their　day；　in　the　hope　that　the　St。　Lawrence　would　become　the　channel　for　the　trade　of　all　the　growing　western　States　bordering　on　the　Great　Lakes。　Scarcely　were　these　waterway　improvements　completed　when　it　was　realized　they　had　been　made　largely　in　vain。　The　railway　had　come　and　was　outrivaling　the　canal。　If　Canadian　ports　and　channels　were　even　to　hold　their　own；　they　must　take　heed　of　the　enterprise　of　all　the　cities　along　the　Atlantic　coast　of　the　United　States；　which　were　promoting　railroads　to　the　interior　in　a　vigorous　rivalry　for　the　trade　of　the　Golden　West。　Here　was　a　challenge　which　must　be　taken　up。　The　fifties　became　the　first　great　railway　era　of　Canada。　In　1850　there　were　only　sixty…six　miles　of　railway　in　all　the　provinces；　ten　years　later　there　were　over　two　thousand。　Nearly　all　the　roads　were　aided　by　provincial　or　municipal　bonus　or　guarantee。　Chief　among　the　lines　was　the　Grand　Trunk；　which　ran　from　the　Detroit　border　to　Riviere　du　Loup　on　the　Gulf　of　St。　Lawrence；　and　which；　though　it　halted　at　that　eastern　terminus　in　the　magnificent　project　of　connecting　with　the　railways　of　the　Maritime　Provinces；　was　nevertheless　at　that　time　the　longest　road　in　the　world　operating　under　single　control。

The　railways　brought　with　them　a　new　speculative　fever；　a　more　complex　financial　structure；　a　business　politics　which　shaded　into　open　corruption；　and　a　closer　touch　with　the　outside　world。　The　general　substitution　of　steam　for　sail　on　the　Atlantic　during　this　period　aided　further　in　lessening　the　isolation　of　what　had　been　backwoods　provinces　and　in　bringing　them　into　closer　relation　with　the　rest　of　the　world。


It　was　in　closer　relations　with　the　United　States　that　this　emergence　from　isolation　chiefly　manifested　itself。　In　the　generation　that　followed　the　War　of　1812　intercourse　with　the　United　States　was　discouraged　and　was　remarkably　insignificant。　Official　policy　and　the　memories　of　1783　and　1812　alike　built　up　a　wall　along　the　southern　border。　The　spirit　of　Downing　Street　was　shown　in　the　instructions　given　to　Lord　Bathurst；　immediately　after　the　close　of　the　war；　to　leave　the　territory　between　Montreal　and　Lake　Champlain　in　a　state　of　nature；　making　no　further　grants　of　land　and　letting　the　few　roads　which　had　been　begun　fall　into　decay　thus　a　barrier　of　forest　wilderness　would　ward　off　republican　contagion。　This　Chinese　policy　of　putting　up　a　wall　of　separation　proved　impossible　to　carry　through；　but　in　less　extreme　ways　this　attitude　of　aloofness　marked　the　course　of　the　Government　all　through　the　days　of　oversea　authority。

The　friction　aroused　by　repeated　boundary　disputes　prevented　friendly　relations　between　Canada　and　the　United　States。　With　unconscious　irony　the　framers　of　the　Peace　of　1783　had　prefaced　their　long　outline　of　the　boundaries　of　the　United　States　by　expressing　their　intention　〃that　all　disputes　which　might　arise　in　future　on　the　subject　of　the　boundaries　of　the　said　United　States　may　be　prevented。〃　So　vague；　however；　were　the　terms　of　the　treaty　and　so　untrustworthy　were　the　maps　of　the　day　that　ultimately　almost　every　clause　in　the　boundary　section　gave　rise　to　dispute。

As　settlement　rolled　westward　one　section　of　the　boundary　after　another　came　in　question。　Beginning　in　the　east；　the　line　between　New　Brunswick　and　New　England　was　to　be　formed　by　the　St。　Croix　River。　There　had　been　a　St。　Croix　in　Champlain's　time　and　a　St。　Croix　was　depicted　on　the　maps；　but　no　river　known　by　that　name　existed　in　1783。　The　British　identified　it　with　the　Schoodic；　the　Americans　with　the　Magaguadavic。　Arbitration　in　1798　upheld　the　British　in　the　contention　that　the　Schoodic　was　the　St。　Croix　but　agreed　with　the　Americans　in　the　secondary　question　as　to　which　of　the　two　branches　of　the　Schoodic　should　be　followed。　A　similar　commission　in　1817　settled　the　dispute　as　to　the　islands　in　Passamaquoddy　Bay。

More　difficult；　because　at　once　more　ambiguous　in　terms　and　more　vitally　important；　was　the　determination　of　the　boundary　in　the　next　stage　westward　from　the　St。　Croix　to　the　St。　Lawrence。　The　British　position　was　a　difficult　one　to　maintain。　In　the　days　of　the　struggle　with　France；　Great　Britain　had　tried　to　push　the　bounds　of　the　New　England　colonies　as　far　north　as　might　be；　making　claims　that　would　hem　in　France　to　the　barest　strip　along　the　south　shore　of　the　St。　Lawrence。　Now　that　she　was　heir　to　the　territories　and　claims　of　France　and　had　lost　her　own　old　colonies；　it　was　somewhat　embarrassing；　but　for　diplomats　not　impossible；　to　have　to　urge　a　line　as　far　south　as　the　urgent　needs　of　the　provinces　for　intercommunication　demanded。　The　letter　of　the　treaty　was　impossible　to　interpret　with　certainty。　The　phrase；　〃the　Highlands　which　divide　those　rivers　that　empty　themselves　into　the　river　St。　Lawrence　from　those　which　fall　into　the　Atlantic　Ocean；〃　meant　according　to　the　American　reading　a　watershed　which　was　a　marshy　plateau；　and　according　to　the　British　version　a　range　of　hills　to　the　south　which　involved　some　keen　hairsplitting　as　to　the　rivers　they　divided。　The　intentions　of　the　parties　to　the　original　treaty　were　probably　much　as　the　Americans　contended。　From　the　standpoint　of　neighborly　adjustment　and　the　relative　need　for　the　land　in　question；　a　strong　case　in　equity　could　be　made　out　for　the　provinces；　which　would　be　cut　asunder　for　all　time　if　a　wedge