the canadian dominion-第19部分

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　on　July　1；　1873；　Prince　Edward　Island　entered　Confederation。

While　Prince　Edward　Island　was　deciding　to　come　in；　Nova　Scotia　was　straining　every　nerve　to　get　out。　There　was　no　question　that　Nova　Scotia　had　been　brought　into　the　union　against　its　will。　The　provincial　Legislature　in　1866；　it　is　true；　backed　Tupper。　But　the　people　backed　Howe；　who　thereupon　went　to　London　to　protest　against　the　inclusion　of　Nova　Scotia　without　consulting　the　electors；　but　he　was　not　heeded。　The　passing　of　the　Act　only　redoubled　the　agitation。　In　the　provincial　election　of　1867；　the　anti…Confederates　carried　thirty…six　out　of　thirty…eight　seats。　In　the　federal　election　Tupper　was　the　only　union　candidate　returned　in　nineteen　seats　contested。　A　second　delegation　was　sent　to　London　to　demand　repeal。　Tupper　crossed　the　ocean　to　counter　this　effort　and　was　successful。　Then　he　sought　out　Howe；　urged　that　further　agitation　was　useless　and　could　only　bring　anarchy　or；　what　both　counted　worse；　a　movement　for　annexation　to　the　United　States；　and　pressed　him　to　use　his　influence　to　allay　the　storm。　Howe　gave　way；　unfortunately　for　his　own　fame；　he　went　further　and　accepted　a　seat　in　the　federal　Cabinet。　Many　of　his　old　followers　kept　up　the　fight；　but　others　decided　to　make　a　bargain　with　necessity。　Macdonald　agreed　to　give　the　province　〃better　terms；〃　and　the　Dominion　assumed　a　larger　part　of　its　debt。　The　bitterness　aroused　by　Tupper's　high…handed　procedure　lingered　for　many　a　day；　but　before　the　first　Parliament　was　over；　repeal　had　ceased　to　be　a　practical　issue。

Union　could　never　be　real　so　long　as　leagues　of　barren；　unbroken　wilderness　separated　the　maritime　from　the　central　provinces。　Free　intercourse；　ties　of　trade；　knowledge　which　would　sweep　away　prejudice；　could　not　come　until　a　railway　had　spanned　this　wilderness。　In　the　fifties　plans　had　been　made　for　a　main　trunk　line　to　run　from　Halifax　to　the　Detroit　River。　This　ambitious　scheme　proved　too　great　for　the　resources　of　the　separate　provinces；　but　sections　of　the　road　were　built　in　each　province。　As　a　condition　of　Confederation；　the　Dominion　Government　undertook　to　fill　in　the　long　gaps。　Surveys　were　begun　immediately；　and　by　1876；　under　the　direction　of　Sandford　Fleming；　an　engineer　of　eminence；　the　Intercolonial　Railway　was　completed。　It　never　succeeded　in　making　ends　meet　financially；　but　it　did　make　ends　meet　politically。　In　great　measure　it　achieved　the　purpose　of　national　solidification　for　which　it　was　mainly　designed。

Meanwhile　the　bounds　of　the　Dominion　were　being　pushed　westward　to　the　Pacific。　The　old　province　of　Canada；　as　the　heir　of　New　France；　had　vague　claims　to　the　western　plains；　but　the　Hudson's　Bay　Company　was　in　possession。　The　Dominion　decided　to　buy　out　its　rights　and　agreed；　in　1869；　to　pay　the　Company　300；000　pounds　for　the　transfer　of　its　lands　and　exclusive　privileges；　the　Company　to　retain　its　trading　posts　and　two　sections　in　every　township。　So　far　all　went　well。　But　the　Canadian　Government；　new　to　the　tasks　of　empire　and　not　as　efficient　in　administration　as　it　should　have　been；　overlooked　the　necessity　of　consulting　the　wishes　and　the　prejudices　of　the　men　on　the　spot。　It　was　not　merely　land　and　buffalo　herds　which　were　being　transferred　but　also　sovereignty　over　a　people。

In　the　valley　of　the　Red　River　there　were　some　twelve　thousand　metis；　or　half…breeds；　descendants　of　Indian　mothers　and　French　or　Scottish　fathers。　The　Dominion　authorities　intended　to　give　them　a　large　share　in　their　own　government　but　neglected　to　arrange　for　a　formal　conference。　The　metis　were　left　to　gather　their　impression　of　the　character　and　intentions　of　the　new　rulers　from　indiscreet　and　sometimes　overbearing　surveyors　and　land　seekers。　In　1869；　under　the　leadership　of　Louis　Riel；　the　one　man　of　education　in　the　settlement；　able　but　vain　and　unbalanced；　and　with　the　Hudson's　Bay　officials　looking　on　unconcerned；　the　metis　decided　to　oppose　being　made　〃the　colony　of　a　colony。〃　The　Governor　sent　out　from　Ottawa　was　refused　entrance；　and　a　provisional　Government　under　Riel　assumed　control。　The　Ottawa　authorities　first　tried　persuasion　and　sent　a　commission　of　three；　Donald　A。　Smith　（afterwards　Lord　Strathcona）；　Colonel　de　Salaberry；　and　Vicar　General　Thibault。　Smith　was　gradually　restoring　unity　and　order；　when　the　act　of　Riel　in　shooting　Thomas　Scott；　an　Ontario　settler　and　a　member　of　the　powerful　Orange　order；　set　passions　flaring。　Mgr。　Tache；　the　Catholic　bishop　of　the　diocese；　on　his　return　aided　in　quieting　the　metis。　Delegates　were　sent　by　the　Provisional　Government　to　Ottawa；　and；　though　not　officially　recognized；　they　influenced　the　terms　of　settlement。　An　expedition　under　Colonel　Wolseley　marched　through　the　wilderness　north　of　Lake　Superior　only　to　find　that　Riel　and　his　lieutenants　had　fled。　By　the　Manitoba　Act　the　Red　River　country　was　admitted　to　Confederation　as　a　self…governing　province；　under　the　name　of　Manitoba；　while　the　country　west　to　the　Rockies　was　given　territorial　status。　The　Indian　tribes　were　handled　with　tact　and　justice；　but　though　for　the　time　the　danger　of　armed　resistance　had　passed；　the　embers　of　discontent　were　not　wholly　quenched。

The　extension　of　Canadian　sovereignty　beyond　the　Rockies　came　about　in　quieter　fashion。　After　Mackenzie　had　shown　the　way；　Simon　Fraser　and　David　Thompson　and　other　agents　of　the　NorthWest　Company　took　up　the　work　of　exploration　and　fur　trading。　With　the　union　of　the　two　rival　companies　in　1821；　the　Hudson's　Bay　Company　became　the　sole　authority　on　the　Pacific　coast。　Settlers　straggled　in　slowly　until；　in　the　late　fifties；　the　discovery　of　rich　placer　gold　on　the　Fraser　and　later　in　the　Cariboo　brought　tens　of　thousands　of　miners　from　Australia　and　California；　only　to　drift　away　again　almost　as　quickly　when　the　sands　began　to　fail。

Local　governments　had　been　established　both　in　Vancouver　Island　and　on　the　mainland。　They　were　joined　in　a　single　province　in　1866。　One　of　the　first　acts　of　the　new　Legislature　was　to　seek　consolidation　with　the　Dominion。　Inspired　by　an　enthusiastic　Englishman；　Alfred　Waddington；　who　had　dreamed　for　years　of　a　transcontinental　railway；　the　province　stipulated　that　within　ten　years　Canada　should　complete　a　road　from　the　Pacific　to　a　junction　with　the　railways　of　the　East。　These　terms　were　considered　presumptuous　on　the　part　of　a　little　settlement　of　ten　or　fifteen　thousand　whites；　but　Macdonald　had　faith　in　the　resources　of　Canada　and　in　what　the　morrow　would　bring　forth。　The　bargain　was　made；　and　British　Columbia　entered　the　Confederation　on　July　1；　1871。

East　and　West　were　now　staked　out。　Only　the　Far　North　remained　outside　the　bounds　of　the　Dominion　and　this　was　soon　acquired。　In　1879　the　British　Government　transferred　to　Canada　all　its　rights　and　claims　over　the　islands　in　the　Arctic　Archipelago　and　all　other　British　territory　in　North　America　save　Newfoundland　and　its　strip　of　Labrador。　From　the　Atlantic　to　the　Pacific；　and　from　the　forty…ninth　parallel　to　the　North　Pole；　now　all　was　Canadian　soil。


Confederation　brought　new　powers　and　new　responsibilities　and　thrust　Canada　into　the　field　of　foreign　affairs。　It　was　with　slow　and　groping　steps　that　the　Dominion　advanced　along　this　new　path。　Thenas　nowfor　Canada　foreign　relations　meant　first　and　foremost　relations　with　her　great　neighbor　to　the　south。　The　likelihood　of　war　had　passed。　The　need　for　closer　trade　relations　remained。　When　the　Reciprocity　Treaty　was　brought　to　an　end；　on　March　17；　1866；　Canada　at　first　refrained　from　raising　her　tariff　walls。　〃The　provinces；〃　as　George　Brown　declared　in　1874；　〃assumed　that　there　were　matters　existing　in　1865…66　to　trouble　the　spirit　of　American　statesmen　for　the　moment；　and　they　waited　patiently　for　the　sober　second　thought　which　was　very　long　in　coming；　but　in　the　meantime　Canada　played　a　good　neighbor's　part；　and　incidentally　served　her　own　ends；　by　continuing　to　grant　the　United　States　most　of　the　privileges　which　had　been　given　under　the　treaty　free　navigation　and　free　goods；　and；　subject　to　a　license　fee；　access　to　the　fisheries。〃

It　was　over　these　fisheries　that　friction　first　developed。*　Canadian　statesmen　were　determined　to　prevent　poaching　on　the　inshore　fisheries；　both　because　poaching　was　poaching　and　because　they　considered　the　fishery　privileges　the　best　makeweight　in　trade　negotiations　with　the　United　States。　At　first　American　vessels　were　admitted　on　payment　of　a　license　fee；　but　when；　on　the　increase　of　the　fee；　many　vessels　tried　to　fish　inshore　without　permission；　the　license　system　was　abolished；　and　in　1870　a　fleet　of　revenue　cruisers　began　to　police　the　coast　waters。　American　fishermen　chafed　at　exclusion　from　waters　they　had　come　to　consider　almost　their　own；　and　there　were　many　cases　of　seizure　and　of　angry　charge　and　countercharge。　President　Grant；　in　his　message　to　Congress　in　1870；　denounced　the　policy　of　the　Canadian　authorities　as　arbitrary　and　provocative。　Other　issues　between　the　two　countries　were　outstanding　as　well。　Canada　had　a　claim　against　the　United　States　for　not　preventing　the　Fenian　Raids　of　1866；　and　the　United　States　had　a　much　bigger　bill　against　Great　Britain　for　neglect　in　permitting　the　escape　of　the　Alabama。　Some　settlement　of　these　disputed　matters　was　necessary；　and　it　was　largely　through　the　activities　of　a　Canadian　banker　and　politician；　Sir　John　Rose；　that　an　agreement　was　reached　to　submit　all　the　issues　to　a　joint　commission。

*　See　〃The　Path　of　Empire〃。


Macdonald　was　offered　and　accepted　with　misgivings　a　post　as　one　of　the　five　British　Commissioners。　He　pressed　the　traditional　Canadian　policy　of　offering　fishery　for　trade　privileges　but　found　no　backing　in　this　or　other　matters　from　his　British　colleagues；　and　he　met　only　unyielding　opposition　from　the　American　Commissioners。　He　fell　back；　under　protest；　on　a　settlement　of　narrower　scope；　which　permitted　reciprocity　in　navigation　and　bonding　privileges；　free　admission　of　Canadian　and　Newfoundland　fish　to　United　States　markets　and　of　American　fishermen　to　Canadian　and　Newfoundland　waters；　and　which　provided　for　a　subsidiary　commission　to　fix　the　amount　to　be　paid　by　the　United　States　for　the　surplus　advantage　thus　received。　The　Fenian　Raids　claims　were　not　even　considered；　and　Mac