the canadian dominion-第4部分

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oad　and　easy　communication　between　Nova　Scotia　and　Canada；　much　less　between　Canada　and　the　far　West。　Vague　definitions　of　the　boundaries；　naturally　incident　to　the　prevailing　lack　of　geographical　knowledge　of　the　vast　continent；　held　further　seeds　of　trouble。　These　contentions；　however；　were　far　in　the　future。　At　the　moment　another　defect　of　the　treaty　proved　to　be　Canada's　gain。　The　failure　of　Lord　Shelburne's　Ministry　to　insist　upon　effective　safeguards　for　the　fair　treatment　of　those　who　had　taken　the　King's　side　in　the　old　colonies；　condemned　as　it　was　not　only　by　North　and　the　Tories　but　by　Fox　and　Sheridan　and　Burke；　led　to　that　Loyalist　migration　which　changed　the　racial　complexion　of　Canada。

The　Treaty　of　1783　provided　that　Congress　would　〃earnestly　recommend〃　to　the　various　States　that　the　Loyalists　be　granted　amnesty　and　restitution。　This　pious　resolution　proved　not　worth　the　paper　on　which　it　was　written。　In　State　after　State　the　property　of　the　Loyalists　was　withheld　or　confiscated　anew。　Yet　this　ungenerous　treatment　of　the　defeated　by　the　victors　is　not　hard　to　understand。　The　struggle　had　been　waged　with　all　the　bitterness　of　civil　war。　The　smallness　of　the　field　of　combat　had　intensified　personal　ill…will。　Both　sides　had　practiced　cruelties　in　guerrilla　warfare；　but　the　Patriots　forgot　Marion's　raids；　Simsbury　mines；　and　the　drumhead　hangings；　and　remembered　only　Hessian　brutalities；　Indian　scalpings；　Tarleton's　harryings；　and　the　infamous　prison　ships　of　New　York。　The　war　had　been　a　long　one。　The　tide　of　battle　had　ebbed　and　flowed。　A　district　that　was　Patriot　one　year　was　frequently　Loyalist　the　next。　These　circumstances　engendered　fear　and　suspicion　and　led　to　nervous　reprisals。

At　least　a　third；　if　not　a　half；　of　the　people　of　the　old　colonies　had　been　opposed　to　revolution。　New　York　was　strongly　Loyalist；　with　Pennsylvania；　Georgia；　and　the　Carolinas　closely　following。　In　the　end　some　fifty　or　sixty　thousand　Loyalists　abandoned　their　homes　or　suffered　expulsion　rather　than　submit　to　the　new　order。　They　counted　in　their　ranks　many　of　the　men　who　had　held　first　place　in　their　old　communities；　men　of　wealth；　of　education；　and　of　standing；　as　well　as　thousands　who　had　nothing　to　give　but　their　fidelity　to　the　old　order。　Many；　especially　of　the　well…to…do；　went　to　England；　a　few　found　refuge　in　the　West　Indies；　but　the　great　majority；　over　fifty　thousand　in　all；　sought　new　homes　in　the　northern　wilderness。　Over　thirty　thousand；　including　many　of　the　most　influential　of　the　whole　number　（with　about　three　thousand　negro　slaves；　afterwards　freed　and　deported　to　Sierra　Leone）　were　carried　by　ship　to　Nova　Scotia。　They　found　homes　chiefly　in　that　part　of　the　province　which　in　1784　became　New　Brunswick。　Others；　trekking　overland　or　sailing　around　by　the　Gulf　and　up　the　River；　settled　in　the　upper　valley　of　the　St。　Lawrenceon　Lake　St。　Francis；　on　the　Cataraqui　and　the　Bay　of　Quinte；　and　in　the　Niagara　District。

Though　these　pioneers　were　generously　aided　by　the　British　Government　with　grants　of　land　and　supplies；　their　hardships　and　disappointments　during　the　first　years　in　the　wilderness　were　such　as　would　have　daunted　any　but　brave　and　desperate　men　and　women　whom　fate　had　winnowed。　Yet　all　but　a　few；　who　drifted　back　to　their　old　homes；　held　out；　and　the　foundations　of　two　more　provinces　of　the　future　DominionNew　Brunswick　and　Upper　Canadawere　thus　broadly　and　soundly　laid　by　the　men　whom　future　generations　honored　as　〃United　Empire　Loyalists。〃　Through　all　the　later　years；　their　sacrifices　and　sufferings；　their　ideals　and　prejudices；　were　to　make　a　deep　impress　on　the　development　of　the　nation　which　they　helped　to　found　and　were　to　influence　its　relations　with　the　country　which　they　had　left　and　with　the　mother　country　which　had　held　their　allegiance。

Once　the　first　tasks　of　hewing　and　hauling　and　planting　were　done；　the　new　settlers　called　for　the　organization　of　local　governments。　They　were　quite　as　determined　as　their　late　foes　to　have　a　voice　in　their　own　governing；　even　though　they　yielded　ultimate　obedience　to　rulers　overseas。

In　the　provinces　by　the　sea　a　measure　of　self…government　was　at　once　established。　New　Brunswick　received；　without　question；　a　constitution　on　the　Nova　Scotia　model；　with　a　Lieutenant　Governor；　an　Executive　Council　appointed　to　advise　him；　which　served　also　as　the　upper　house　of　the　legislature；　and　an　elective　Assembly。　Of　the　twenty…six　members　of　the　first　Assembly；　twenty…three　were　Loyalists。　With　a　population　so　much　at　one；　and　with　the　tasks　of　road　making　and　school　building　and　tax　collecting　insistent　and　absorbing；　no　party　strife　divided　the　province　for　many　years。　In　Nova　Scotia；　too；　the　Loyalists　were　in　the　majority。　There；　however；　the　earlier　settlers　soon　joined　with　some　of　the　newcomers　to　form　an　opposition。　The　island　of　St。　John；　renamed　Prince　Edward　Island　in　1798；　had　been　made　a　separate　Government　and　had　received　an　Assembly　in　1773。　Its　one　absorbing　question　was　the　tenure　of　land。　On　a　single　day　in　1767　the　British　authorities　had　granted　the　whole　island　by　lottery　to　army　and　navy　officers　and　country　gentlemen；　on　condition　of　the　payment　of　small　quitrents。　The　quitrents　were　rarely　paid；　and　the　tenants　of　the　absentee　landlords　kept　up　an　agitation　for　reform　which　was　unceasing　but　which　was　not　to　be　successful　for　a　hundred　years。　In　all　three　Maritime　Provinces　political　and　party　controversy　was　little　known　for　a　generation　after　the　Revolution。

It　was　more　difficult　to　decide　what　form　of　government　should　be　set　up　in　Canada；　now　that　tens　of　thousands　of　English…speaking　settiers　dwelt　beside　the　old　Canadians。　Carleton；　now　Lord　Dorchester；　had　returned　as　Governor　in　1786；　after　eight　years'　absence。　He　was　still　averse　to　granting　an　Assembly　so　long　as　the　French　subjects　were　in　the　majority：　they　did　not　want　it；　he　insisted；　and　could　not　use　it。　But　the　Loyalist　settlers；　not　to　be　put　off；　joined　with　the　English　merchants　of　Montreal　and　Quebec　in　demanding　an　Assembly　and　relief　from　the　old　French　laws。　Carleton　himself　was　compelled　to　admit　the　force　of　the　conclusion　of　William　Grenville；　Secretary　of　State　for　the　Home　Department；　then　in　control　of　the　remnants　of　the　colonial　empire；　and　son　of　that　George　Grenville　who；　as　Prime　Minister；　had　introduced　the　American　Stamp　Act　of　1765：　〃I　am　persuaded　that　it　is　a　point　of　true　Policy　to　make　these　Concessions　at　a　time　when　they　may　be　received　as　a　matter　of　favour；　and　when　it　is　in　Our　own　power　to　regulate　and　direct　the　manner　of　applying　them；　rather　than　to　wait　till　they　shall　be　extorted　from　us　by　a　necessity　which　shall　neither　leave　us　any　discretion　in　the　form　nor　any　merit　in　the　substance　of　what　We　give。〃　Accordingly；　in　1791；　the　British　Parliament　passed　the　Constitutional　Act　dividing　Canada　into　two　provinces　separated　by　the　Ottawa　River；　Lower　or　French…speaking　Canada　and　Upper　or　English…speaking　Canada；　and　granting　each　an　elective　Assembly。

Thus　far　the　tide　of　democracy　had　risen；　but　thus　far　only。　Few　in　high　places　had　learned　the　full　lesson　of　the　American　Revolution。　The　majority　believed　that　the　old　colonies　had　been　lost　because　they　had　not　been　kept　under　a　sufficiently　tight　rein；　that　democracy　had　been　allowed　too　great　headway；　that　the　remaining　colonies；　therefore；　should　be　brought　under　stricter　administrative　control；　and　that　care　should　be　taken　to　build　up　forces　to　counteract　the　democracy　which　grew　so　rank　and　swift　in　frontier　soil。　This　conservative　tendency　was　strengthened　by　the　outbreak　of　the　French　Revolution　in　1789。*　The　rulers　of　England　had　witnessed　two　revolutions；　and　the　lesson　they　drew　from　both　was　that　it　was　best　to　smother　democracy　in　the　cradle。

*　It　will　be　remembered　that　in　the　debate　on　the　Constitutional　Act　the　conflicting　views　of　Burke　and　Fox　on　the　French　Revolution　led　to　the　dramatic　break　in　their　lifelong　friendship。


For　this　reason　the　measure　of　representative　government　that　had　been　granted　each　of　the　remaining　British　colonies　in　North　America　was　carefully　hedged　about。　The　whole　executive　power　remained　in　the　hands　of　the　Governor　or　his　nominees。　No　one　yet　conceived　it　possible　that　the　Assembly　should　control　the　Executive　Council。　The　elective　Assembly　was　compelled　to　share　even　the　lawmaking　power　with　an　upper　house；　the　Legislative　Council。　Not　only　were　the　members　of　this　upper　house　appointed　by　the　Crown　for　life；　but　the　King　was　empowered　to　bestow　hereditary　titles　upon　them　with　a　view　to　making　the　Council　in　the　fullness　of　time　a　copy　of　the　House　of　Lords。　A　blow　was　struck　even　at　that　traditional　prerogative　of　the　popular　house；　the　control　of　the　purse。　Carleton　had　urged　that　in　every　township　a　sixth　of　the　land　should　be　reserved　to　enable　His　Majesty　〃to　reward　such　of　His　provincial　Servants　as　may　merit　the　Royal　favour〃　and　〃to　create　and　strengthen　an　Aristocracy；　of　which　the　best　use　may　be　made　on　this　Continent；　where　all　Governments　are　feeble　and　the　general　condition　of　things　tends　to　a　wild　Democracy。〃　Grenville　saw　further　possibilities　in　this　suggestion。　It　would　give　the　Crown　a　revenue　which　would　make　it　independent　of　the　Assembly；　〃a　measure；　which；　if　it　had　been　adopted　when　the　Old　Colonies　were　first　settled；　would　have　retained　them　to　this　hour　in　obedience　and　Loyalty。〃　Nor　was　this　all。　From　the　same　source　an　endowment　might　be　obtained　for　a　state　church　which　would　be　a　bulwark　of　order　and　conservatism。　The　Constitutional　Act　accordingly　provided　for　setting　aside　lands　equal　in　value　to　one…seventh　of　all　lands　granted　from　time　to　time；　for　the　support　of　a　Protestant　clergy。　The　Executive　Council　received　power　to　set　up　rectories　in　every　parish；　to　endow　them　liberally；　and　to　name　as　rectors　ministers　of　the　Church　of　England。　Further；　the　Executive　Council　was　instructed　to　retain　an　equal　amount　of　land　as　crown　reserves；　distributed　judiciously　in　blocks　between　the　grants　made　to　settlers。　Were　any　radical　tendencies　to　survive　these　attentions；　the　veto　power　of　the　British　Government　could　be　counted　on　in　the　last　resort。

For　a　time　the　installment　of　self…government　thus　granted　s