the advancement of learning-第11部分

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f　Britain；　a　princess　that；　if　Plutarch　were　now　alive　to　write　lives　by　parallels；　would　trouble　him；　I　think；　to　find　for　her　a　parallel　amongst　women。　This　lady　was　endued　with　learning　in　her　sex　singular；　and　great　even　amongst　masculine　princes；　whether　we　speak　of　learning；　of　language；　or　of　science；　modern　or　ancient；　Divinity　or　Humanity：　and　unto　the　very　last　year　of　her　life　she　was　accustomed　to　appoint　set　hours　for　reading；　scarcely　any　young　student　in　a　university　more　daily；　or　more　duly。　As　for　her　government；　I　assure　myself　I　shall　not　exceed；　if　I　do　affirm　that　this　part　of　the　island　never　had　forty…five　years　of　better　times；　and　yet　not　through　the　calmness　of　the　season；　but　through　the　wisdom　of　her　regiment。　For　if　there　be　considered　of　the　one　side；　the　truth　of　religion　established；　the　constant　peace　and　security；　the　good　administration　of　justice；　the　temperate　use　of　the　prerogative；　not　slackened；　nor　much　strained；　the　fiourishing　state　of　learning；　sortable　to　so　excellent　a　patroness；　the　convenient　estate　of　wealth　and　means；　both　of　Crown　and　subject；　the　habit　of　obedience；　and　the　moderation　of　discontents：　and　there　be　considered　on　the　other　side　the　differences　of　religion；　the　troubles　of　neighbour　countries；　the　ambition　of　Spain；　and　opposition　of　Rome；　and　then；　that　she　was　solitary　and　of　herself：　these　things；　I　say；　considered；　as　I　could　not　have　chosen　an　instance　so　recent　and　so　proper；　so　I　suppose　I　could　not　have　chosen　one　more　remarkable　or　eminent　to　the　purpose　now　in　hand；　which　is　concerning　the　conjunction　of　learning　in　the　prince　with　felicity　in　the　people。

10。　Neither　hath　learning　an　influence　and　operation　only　upon　civil　merit　and　moral　virtue；　and　the　arts　or　temperature　of　peace　and　peaceable　government；　but　likewise　it　hath　no　less　power　and　efficacy　in　enablement　towards　martial　and　military　virtue　and　prowess；　as　may　be　notably　represented　in　the　examples　of　Alexander　the　Great；　and　Caesar　the　dictator；　mentioned　before；　but　now　in　fit　place　to　be　resumed：　of　whose　virtues　and　acts　in　war　there　needs　no　note　or　recital；　having　been　the　wonders　of　time　in　that　kind：　but　of　their　affections　towards　learning；　and　perfections　in　learning；　it　is　pertinent　to　say　somewhat。

11。　Alexander　　was　bred　and　taught　under　Aristotle；　the　great　philosopher；　who　dedicated　divers　of　his　books　of　philosophy　unto　him：　he　was　attended　with　Callisthenes　and　divers　other　learned　persons；　that　followed　him　in　camp；　throughout　his　journeys　and　conquests。　What　price　and　estimation　he　had　learning　in　doth　notably　appear　in　these　three　particulars：　first；　in　the　envy　he　used　to　express　that　he　bore　towards　Achilles；　in　this；　that　he　had　so　good　＇18＇　a　trumpet　of　his　praises　as　Homer's　verses；　secondly；　in　the　judgment　or　solution　he　gave　touching　that　precious　cabinet　of　Darius；　which　was　found　among　his　jewels；　whereof　question　was　made　what　thing　was　worthy　to　be　put　into　it；　and　he　gave　his　opinion　for　Homer's　works：　thirdly；　in　his　letter　to　Aristotle；　after　he　had　set　forth　his　books　of　nature；　wherein　he　expostulated　with　him　for　publishing　the　secrets　or　mysteries　of　philosophy；　and　gave　him　to　understand　that　himself　esteemed　it　more　to　excel　other　men　in　learning　and　knowledge　than　in　power　and　empire。　And　what　use　he　had　of　learning　doth　appear；　or　rather　shine；　in　all　his　speeches　and　answers；　being　full　of　science；　and　use　of　science；　and　that　in　all　variety。

12。　And　herein　again　it　may　seem　a　thing　scholastical；　and　somewhat　idle；　to　recite　things　that　every　man　knoweth；　but　yet；　since　the　argument　I　handle　leadeth　me　thereunto；　I　am　glad　that　men　shall　perceive　I　am　as　willing　to　flatter；　if　they　will　so　call　it；　an　Alexander；　or　a　Caesar；　or　an　Antoninus；　that　are　dead　many　hundred　years　since；　as　any　that　now　liveth：　for　it　is　the　displaying　of　the　glory　of　learning　in　sovereignty　that　I　propound　to　myself；　and　not　an　humour　of　declaiming　in　any　man's　praises。　Observe　then　the　speech　he　used　of　Diogenes；　and　see　if　it　tend　not　to　the　true　state　of　one　of　the　greatest　questions　of　moral　philosophy；　whether　the　enjoying　of　outward　things；　or　the　contemning　of　them；　be　the　greatest　happiness：　for　when　he　saw　Diogenes　so　perfectly　contented　with　so　little；　he　said　to　those　that　mocked　at　his　condition；　WERE　I　NOT　ALEXANDER；　I　WOULD　WISH　TO　BE　DIOGENES。　But　Seneca　inverteth　it；　and　saith；　PLUS　ERAT；　QUOD　HIC　NOLLET　ACCIPERE；　QU繫　QUOD　ILLE　POSSET　DARE。　There　were　more　things　which　Diogenes　would　have　refused；　than　there　were　which　Alexander　could　have　given。

13。　Observe　again　that　speech　which　was　usual　with　him；　THAT　HE　FELT　HIS　MORTALITY　CHIEFLY　IN　TWO　THINGS；　SLEEP　AND　LUST；　and　see　if　it　were　not　a　speech　extracted　out　of　the　depth　of　natural　philosophy；　and　liker　to　have　come　out　of　the　mouth　of　Aristotle　or　Democritus；　than　from　Alexander。

14。　See　again　that　speech　of　humanity　and　poesy；　when　upon　the　bleeding　of　his　wounds；　he　called　unto　him　one　of　his　flatterers；　that　was　wont　to　ascribe　to　him　divine　honour；　and　said；　LOOK；　THIS　IS　VERY　BLOOD；　THIS　IS　NOT　SUCH　A　LIQUOR　AS　HOMER　SPEAKETH　OF；　WHICH　RAN　FROM　VENUS　HAND；　WHEN　IT　WAS　PIERCED　BY　DIOMEDES。

15。　See　likewise　his　readiness　in　reprehension　of　logic；　in　the　speech　he　used　to　Cassander；　upon　a　complaint　that　was　made　against　his　father　Antipater：　for　when　Alexander　happened　to　say；　DO　YOU　THINK　THESE　MEN　WOULD　HAVE　COME　FROM　SO　FAR　TO　COMPLAIN；　EXCEPT　THEY　HAD　JUST　CAUSE　OF　GRIEF　？　And　Cassander　answered；　YEA；　THAT　WAS　THE　MATTER；　BECAUSE　THEY　THOUGHT　THEY　SHOULD　NOT　BE　DISPROVED。　Said　Alexander　laughing：　SEE　THE　SUBTILTIES　OF　ARISTOTLE；　TO　TAKE　A　MATTER　BOTH　WAYS；　PRO　ET　CONTRA；　ETC。

16。　But　note　again　how　well　he　could　use　the　same　art；　which　he　reprehended；　to　serve　his　own　humour：　when　bearing　a　secret　grudge　to　Callisthenes；　because　he　was　against　the　new　ceremony　of　his　adoration；　feasting　one　night　where　the　same　Callisthenes　was　at　the　table；　it　was　moved　by　some　after　supper；　for　entertainment　sake；　that　Callisthenes；　who　was　an　eloquent　man；　might　speak　of　some　theme　or　purpose　at　his　own　choice；　which　Callisthenes　did；　choosing　the　praise　of　the　Macedonian　nation　for　his　discourse；　and　performing　the　same　with　so　good　manner；　as　the　hearers　were　much　ravished：　whereupon　Alexander；　nothing　pleased；　said；　IT　WAS　EASY　TO　BE　ELOQUENT　UPON　SO　GOOD　A　SUBJECT。　But；　saith　he；　TURN　YOUR　STYLE；　AND　LET　US　HEAR　WHAT　YOU　CAN　SAY　AGAINST　US：　which　Callisthenes　presently　undertook；　and　did　with　that　sting　and　life；　that　Alexander　interrupted　him；　and　said；　THE　GOODNESS　OF　THE　CAUSE　MADE　HIM　ELOQUENT　BEFORE；　AND　DESPITE　MADE　HIM　ELOQUENT　THEN　AGAIN。

17。　Consider　further；　for　tropes　of　rhetoric；　that　excellent　use　of　a　metaphor　or　translation；　wherewith　he　taxed　Antipater；　who　was　an　imperious　and　tyrannous　governor：　for　when　one　of　Antipater's　friends　commended　him　to　Alexander　for　his　moderation；　that　he　did　not　degenerate；　as　his　other　lieutenants　did；　into　the　Persian　pride；　in　use　of　purple；　but　kept　the　ancient　habit　of　Macedon；　of　black；　　TRUE；　saith　Alexander；　BUT　ANTIPATER　IS　ALL　PURPLE　WITHIN。　Or　that　other；　when　Parmenio　came　to　him　in　the　plain　of　Arbela；　and　showed　him　the　innumerable　multitude　of　his　enemies；　especially　as　they　appeared　by　the　infinite　number　of　lights；　as　it　had　been　a　new　firmament　of　stars；　and　thereupon　advised　him　to　assail　them　by　night：　whereupon　he　answered；　THAT　HE　WOULD　NOT　STEAL　THE　VICTORY。

18。　For　matter　of　policy；　weigh　that　significant　distinction；　so　much　in　all　ages　embraced；　that　he　made　between　his　two　friends；　Hephaestion　and　Craterus；　when　he　said；　THAT　THE　ONE　LOVED　ALEXANDER；　AND　THE　OTHER　LOVED　THE　KING：　describing　the　principal　difference　　of　princes'　best　servants；　that　some　in　affection　love　their　person；　and　others　in　duty　love　their　crown。

19　Weigh　also　that　excellent　taxation　of　an　error；　ordinary　with　counsellors　of　princes；　that　they　counsel　their　masters　according　to　the　model　of　their　own　mind　and　fortune；　and　not　of　their　masters'；　when；　upon　Darius'　great　offers；　Parmenio　had　said；　SURELY　I　WOULD　ACCEPT　THESE　OVERS；　WERE　I　AS　ALEXANDER；　saith　Alexander；　SO　WOULD　I；　WERE　I　AS　PARMENIO。

20。　Lastly；　weigh　that　quick　and　acute　reply；　which　he　made　when　he　gave　so　large　gifts　to　his　friends　and　servants；　and　was　asked　what　he　did　reserve　for　himself；　and　he　answered；　HOPE：　weigh；　I　say；　whether　he　had　not　cast　up　his　account　right；　because　HOPE　must　be　the　portion　of　all　that　resolve　upon　great　enterprises。　For　this　was　Caesar's　portion　when　he　went　first　into　Gaul；　his　estate　being　then　utterly　overthrown　with　largesses。　And　this　was　likewise　the　portion　of　that　noble　prince；　howsoever　transported　with　ambition；　Henry　Duke　of　Guise；　of　whom　it　was　usually　said；　that　he　was　the　greatest　usurer　in　France；　because　he　had　turned　all　his　estate　into　obligations。

＇19＇　21。　To　conclude；　therefore：　as　certain　critics　are　used　to　say　hyperbolically；　THAT　IF　ALL　SCIENCES　WERE　LOST　THEY　MIGHT　BE　FOUND　IN　VIRGIL！　so　certainly　this　may　be　said　truly；　there　are　the　prints　and　footsteps　of　learning　in　those　few　speeches　which　are　reported　of　this　prince：　the　admiration　of　whom；　when　I　consider　him　not　as　Alexander　the　Great；　but　as　Aristotle's　scholar；　hath　carried　me　too　far。

22。　As　for　Julius　Caesar；　the　excellency　of　his　learning　needeth　not　to　be　argued　from　his　education；　or　his　company；　or　his　speeches；　but　in　a　further　degree　doth　declare　itself　in　his　writings　and　works；　whereof　some　are　extant　and　permanent；　and　some　unfortunately　perished。　For；　first；　we　see　there　is　left　unto　us　that　excellent　history　of　his　own　wars；　which　he　entitled　only　a　Commentary；　wherein　all　succeeding　times　have　admired　the　solid　weight　of　matter；　and　the　real　passages　and　lively　images　of　actions　and　persons；　expressed　in　the　greatest　propriety　of　words　and　perspicuity　of　narration　that　ever　was；　which　that　it　was　not　the　effect　of　a　natural　gift；　but　of　learning　and　precept；　is　well　witnessed　by　that　work　of　his；　entitled；　DE　ANALOGIA；　being　a　grammatical　philosophy；　wherein　he　did　labour　to　make　this　same　VOX　AD　PLACITUM　to　become　VOX　AD　LICITUM；　and　to　reduce　custom　of　speech　to　congruity　of　speech；　and　took；　as　it　were；　the　picture　of　words　from